Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US

340 the US Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management to restore landscapes impacted by B. tectorum and improve greater ...

341 extreme cases, these invasions create vegetation states that are perpetuated by high litter production, frequent fi re occur ...

342 annual grasses, B. hordeaceus has short-lived seeds and transient seed banks that experience high rates of mortality (Marsha ...

343 exclusion leads to greater plant density (Whisenant 1990 ). Reducing litter and stub- ble height with grazing, clipping, or ...

344 where growing conditions are warmer and drier (Chambers et al. 2014a ). Despite over 60 years of research, however, surprisi ...

345 litter in creating short-term legacy effects (Grman and Suding 2010 ) and annual grass-fi re cycles (Balch et al. 2013 ). Fi ...

346 be affected by management actions and including local and scientifi c knowledge in all phases of the process (Fig. 12.1 ). B ...

347 successional management concepts to understand how ecological processes operate over a range of spatial and temporal scales ...

348 site conditions and standards are met and how management actions infl uence the common characteristics associated with Bromu ...

349 2013 ) and distinguishing between treatment-dominated and weather-dominated effects (Hardegree et al. 2011 , 2012 ). Once cl ...

350 weather for plant establishment. Partially successful management outcomes in an intermediate weather year may be more succes ...

351 Table 12.1 Studies included in summary analysis of Bromus tectorum treatment methods Study Control method a Response variabl ...

352 cover and annual biomass production data for B. tectorum. We also limited our inquiry to the following four B. tectorum trea ...

353 12.4.3 Analysis Results 12.4.3.1 Burning Our analysis revealed that burning reduced percentage cover of B. tectorum in the e ...

354 12.4.3.2 Defoliation Our analysis showed that defoliation by grazing or mowing reduces B. tectorum biomass for up to 2 years ...

355 be applied early in the spring during a period when exotic annual species are actively growing (yet slower-growing native sp ...

356 precipitation occurring in the winter and spring—over half of the Great Basin receives less than 305 mm of annual precipitat ...

357 blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/Landscape_Approach/reas.html ). These assessments are conducted at the Level III Ecoregion scale ...

358 The goal of this cooperative effort is to enhance the ability of land managers to main- tain or improve the resilience (or r ...

359 Fig. 12.4 The soil moisture temperature regimes, sagebrush landscape cover, and occurrence of wildfi re within sage-grouse M ...