467Microsatellite , 138
Microsatellite DNA , 104
Missoula residents , 415
MLGs
in Central USA , 112
detection , 112
Eastern Canada , 112
Got - 4c , 112
low frequency in populations in the Central
USA , 112
recombinant genotype , 112
Model uncertainty , 384
Moisture regimes
classifi cation , 25
and drier soil temperature , 43
ecosystem resistance and resilience , 17
resistance , 13
soil , 17
temperature , 31 , 32
Monitoring , 445
Monte-Carlo random sampling methods , 385
Most common genotype (MCG) , 109 , 113
California and the American Southwest , 118
in East Coast populations , 109–110
Eastern Canada , 121
high frequency (52 of 54 populations) in
the mid-continent USA , 115
high frequency in the Central USA , 112
northern portion of the mid-continent
USA , 115
Western US populations , 117
Multilocus genotypes (MLGs)
B. tectorum populations , 117
detected in Eastern US populations , 112
distribution , 109
Got - 4c , 112
identifi ed, Western US populations , 117
low frequency in populations in the Central
USA , 112
lower frequency , 117
Mdh - 2b & Mdh - 3b , 109
in Northern California , 118
Pgm - 1a & Pgm - 2a , 109 , 112 , 115
Pgm-1ab & Pgm-2ab heterozygous , 115
populations of B. tectorum from California
and the American Southwest , 118
25 populations of Bromus tectorum in
British Columbia , 119
38 populations of Bromus tectorum in the
Eastern USA , 110
40 populations of Bromus tectorum in the
Western USA , 116
51 populations of Bromus tectorum in
Canada , 114
60 populations of Bromus tectorum in
California and the American
Southwest , 118
60 populations of Bromus tectorum in the
Central USA , 111
60 populations of Bromus tectorum in the
mid-continent USA , 113
restricted distributions , 115
South Dakota or Eastern Wyoming , 115
Tpi - 1b , 118 , 120
Multiple introductions , 101 , 107–109 , 117 ,
121–124 , 134
genetic diversity. , 101
Mycorrhizal fungi , 82N
NAISM. See North American Invasive Species
Management Association (NAISM)
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) , 388
Native American land uses
Euro-American colonization , 314
evidences , 314 ( see also Exotic annual
bromus colonization )
paleo-botanical and archeological
records , 313
tree removal , 313
wildlife , 313
Neobromus , 157 , 163–165 , 171 , 184
Net ecosystem exchange , 73
Neutral genetic variation , 139 , 141
Nevskiella , 157 , 158 , 163–165
Nitrogen (N)
addition , 25 , 28
atmospheric deposition , 21
B. tectorum , 241
deposition , 21 , 27 , 63
fertilization , 240 , 241
perennial grasses , 241 , 242
pollution , 27
shortgrass steppe , 242
soil nitrogen cycling , 78–81
soil phosphatase , 242
Wyoming big sagebrush community , 241
Nitrogen (N) deposition
adaptive and evolutionary responses , 146
ecological effects , 146
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) , 424
North American Invasive Species Management
Association (NAISM) , 316
Novel genotypes
creation , 147
implications , 148Index