88
Overall, research is needed that enables Bromus -ecosystem relationships to be
both generalized and applied to specifi c sites. Variability among studies of Bromus
impacts was apparent for key topics such as Bromus effects on infi ltration and nutri-
ents. The variability is likely due to local site differences and to temporal factors
such as weather or time since disturbance or invasion. Transferability of informa-
tion on Bromus impacts can be done more reliably if studies can (1) incorporate
environmental gradients that characterize these largely arid and semiarid ecosys-
tems at both local and larger scales and (2) determine mechanisms by which Bromus
impact their environment across these gradients. Because of the aridity associated
with Bromus , research needs to include longer time frames to identify how weather
modulates Bromus impacts and its implications for management. For example,
understanding how drought modulates the impact of Bromus on soil fertility will
help restoration assessment and planning. Broadscale studies that use similar meth-
odology and hold factors constant across the large spatial extents affected by Bromus
will typically require collaborative approaches and are clearly needed to provide
information useful to both ecologists and managers.
Acknowledgments Patti Haggerty assisted with map production for fi gures. Any use of trade
names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.
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