Systematics and Evolution, Part A The Mycota

In many of the following cited studies, spe-
cies in the Blastocladiales are still classified with
the Chytridiomycota; however, in Fig.7.2they
are classified according to their present place-
ment in Blastocladiomycota. Nuclear genes,
such as rDNA and protein-coding genes, have

been used with varying levels of success to clas-

sify the basal fungi. James et al. ( 2000 )usedsmall

subunit (SSU) rDNA (18S rDNA) sequences to

produce the first well-sampled phylogeny of zoo-

sporic true fungi and addressed the phylogenetic

consistency of zoospore discharge type, thallus

a Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Glomeromycota

Monoblepharidales

Neocallimastigomycotina +

remaining Chytridiomycota

Choanoflagellida

BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA

Entomophthoromycotina

Kickxellales + Zoopagales

+ Harpellales

Mucoromycotina

b

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Kickxellomycotina

Entomophthoromycotina

Glomeromycota

BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA

Mucoromycotina

Chytridiomycota

Microsporidia

d

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Mucoromycotina

BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA

Chytridiomycota

Holozoa

c

Ascomycota

Mucoromycotina

BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA

Chytridiomycota

Holozoa

Basidiomycota

e

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Mucormycotina

Glomeromycota

Mucoromycotina

Entomophthoromycotina

BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA

Neocallimastigomycota

Chytridiomycota

Nucleariida

Nuclear g

enes

Mitochondrial genes

Pan genomic sampling

Fig. 7.2Hypothesized phylogenetic placements of Blas-
tocladiomycota among fungi. (a) James et al. ( 2000 )
with SSU rDNA analyzed using maximum parsimony.
(b) Liu et al. ( 2006 ) with RPB1+RPB2 concatenated
protein sequences analyzed using Bayesian inference
and maximum parsimony. (c,d) Lang et al. ( 2002 )
with 11 concatenated mtDNA proteins analyzed using

maximum likelihood (c) or a distance method (d). (e)

Liu et al. ( 2009 ) with 150 concatenated proteins (40,925

amino acids) analyzed using Bayesian inference and

maximum likelihood. Dashed lines: branches whose

placement in phylogeny was not strongly supported

by bootstrap analyses (< 70 %)

Blastocladiomycota 183