analysis determined thatZ. insidiansis a mem-
ber of Zoopagales (Tanabe et al. 2000 ).
A new species ofEuryancale,E. phallospora
Saikawa & Katsurashima (Saikawa and Katsur-
ashima 1993 ), was described that forms phal-
loid conidia. Saikawa and Katsurashima ( 1993 )
mentioned that E. phallospora produced a
pouchlike appendage resembling those ofEur-
yancale marsiposporaDrechsler andEuryan-
cale sacciosporaDrechsler (Saikawa and Aoki
1991 ). Another new species,Euryancale marsi-
pioidesAoki, has been confused withE. marsi-
pospora(Saikawa and Aoki 1995 ). Saikawa and
Sato ( 1986 ) published a report of zygospore
formation inE. marsiposporaandE. saccios-
pora Drechsler; both fungi were found on
water agar plates next to dead nematodes.
Saikawa and Kadowaki ( 2002 ) documented
the capture of amoebae in water and spore
formation on the water surface by two species
ofAcaulopage.When the mycelium was trans-
ferred to a fresh water plate, there was new
mycelial growth, and amoebae were captured
along the length of the freshly grown hyphae.
Conidial germination is always from the basal
end 3 h after transfer to a fresh plate. Saikawa
and Kadowaki reported that aging cultures pro-
duced zygospores, and they were observed for
the first time inAcaulopage dichotomaDrechs-
ler. Shimada and Saikawa ( 2006 ) reported on
nematode capture and chlamydospore germi-
nation byCystopage cladosporaDrechsler.
The morphology and subsequent germina-
tion of the zygospores formed by two species of
Cochlonemaand an Acaulopage parasitizing
amoebae was reported by Hirotane-Akabane
and Saikawa ( 2010 ). The zygospore ofAcaulo-
page lophosporaDrechsler germinated to pro-
duce a hypha, whereas the sexual spore of both
species of Cochlonema (C. cerasphorum
Drechsler,C. megalosomumDrechsler) formed
a conidiophore bearing a conidial chain. Keys
to some taxa of Zoopagales are available (Dayal
1973/1974; Saikawa 2011a). Saikawa ( 2012 )
published a paper that included color light
micrographs of selected species in many genera
in the Cochlonemataceae and Zoopagaceae and
keys to the genera and species.
Koehsler et al. ( 2007 ) sequenced the 18S
rDNA ofCochlonema euryblastumDrechsler
isolated in Germany from sediment collected
in a rain gutter; it is a parasite ofThecamoeba
quadrilineataCarter. Light and transmission
electron micrographs of both the host and par-
asite were included.
Amoebophilus simplexBarron ( 1983 ) has
been the subject of several papers and Internet
reports. TheAmoebophilusconidium attaches
to the host amoeba and then produces a knobby
haustorium; the conidium becomes the thallus
that gives rise to either a short chain of conidia
or zygospores (Barron 1983 ; Laber 2009 ). Brief
( 2005 ) reported thatOuramoeba botulacauda
Leidy ( 1879 , Plate IX, Figs. 13–18) is a species
of the amoebaMayorellaSchaeffer parasitized
byA. simplex.Mrva ( 2008 , 2011 ) identified two
species ofMayorella(Mayorella penardiPage,
M. vespertilioidesPage) as the hosts ofA. sim-
plex. Siemensma ( 2012 ) believed that M.
penardimay be the only host forA. simplex.
Infected amoebae are usually rare but were
abundant on one occasion (Siemensma 2012 ).
Another fungal parasite similar toOuramoeba
voraxLeidy ( 1879 , Plate IX, Figs. 1–12) lacked
the infective conidium as the thallus; it has been
reported at least twice (Hippe 2007 ; Kreutz
2010 ). The vegetative hyphae often branch sev-
eral times before the conidial chains are pro-
duced; the host isAmoeba proteus(Pal.). The
latter taxon may be a species ofZoopage.
Members of Sigmoideomycetaceae (Benny
et al. 1992 ) are also mycoparasites (Chien
2000 ).Thamnocephalis quadrupedataBlakeslee
is a parasite of Basidiobolus sp. in nature and T.
sphaerospora Benny, R.K. Benj. & P.M. Kirk
grows onC. recurvatusin the laboratory. Mem-
bers of Zoopagales occur in soil, although
Members of Zoopagales occur in soil, although
the latter three species are also found on dung.
Members of Sigmoideomycetaceae (Benny et al.
1992 ) are haustorial parasites (Chien 2000 ) that
are rarely collected. The host ranges for mem-
bers (Reticulocephalis,Sigmoideomyces,Tham-
nocephalis) of this family are also unknown.
Piptocephalidaceae (Piptocephalis, Synce-
phalis) are the most commonly encountered
members of the order because both genera con-
tain many species, both the host and parasite
are relatively large, and the host fungi are usu-
ally readily grown in the laboratory.Piptoce-236 G.L. Benny et al.