mycorrhizal fungi, Glomeromycota). Mycol Res
109:1315–1322
Redecker D, Raab P (2006) Phylogeny of the Glomero-
mycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi): recent
developments and new gene markers. Mycologia
98:885–895
Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE (2000a) Glomalean
fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920–1921
Redecker D, Morton JB, Bruns TD (2000b) Ancestral
lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mol
Phylogenet Evol 14:276–284
Redecker D, Raab P, Oehl F, Camacho FJ, Courtecuisse
R (2007) A novel clade of sporocarp-forming spe-
cies of glomeromycotan fungi in the Diversispor-
ales lineage. Mycol Prog 6:35–44
Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H (1994) Four
hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:
11841–11843
Rodriguez A, Dougall T, Dodd JC, Clapp JP (2001) The
large subunit ribosomal RNA genes ofEntrophos-
pora infrequenscomprise sequences related to two
different glomalean families. New Phytol 152:
159–167
Rosendahl S (2008) Communities, populations and
individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
New Phytol 178:253–265
Rubinstein CV, Gerrienne P, De La Puente GS, Astini
RA, Steemans P (2010) Early Middle Ordovician
evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern
Gondwana). New Phytol 188:365–369
Sanders IR, Croll D (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the
challenge to understand the genetics of the fungal
partner. Annu Rev Genet 44:271–292
SandersIR,AltM,GroppeK,BollerT,WiemkenA(1995)
Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphism
among and within spores of the Glomales: appli-
cation to studies on the genetic diversity of arbus-
cular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol
130:419–427
Schlicht A (1889) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Verbreitung
und Bedeutung der Mycorhizen. Landwirtschaft-
liche Jahrbu ̈cher 18:478–506
Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V,
Spouge JL, Bolchacova E, Voigt K, Chen W, Lev-
esque CA, Crous PW, Fungal Barcoding Consor-
tium (2012) The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
as a universal DNA barcode maker for fungi.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(16):6241–6246
Schu ̈ßler A (2012) TheGeosiphon–Nostocendosymbio-
sis and its role as a model for arbuscular mycor-
rhiza research. In: Hock B (ed) The Mycota IX—
Fungal associations, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Schu ̈ßler A, Walker C (2010) TheGlomeromycota:a
species list with new families and new genera.
Published in libraries at The Royal Botanic Garden
Edinburgh, The Royal Botanic Garden Kew,
Botanische Staatssammlung Munich, and Oregon
State University. Electronic version freely available
online athttp://www.amf-phylogeny.com. ISBN-
13:978-1466388048
Schu ̈ßler A, Walker C (2011) Evolution of the ‘plant-
symbiotic’ fungal phylum, Glomeromycota. In:
Po ̈ggeler S, Wo ̈stemeyer J (eds) Evolution of
fungi and fungal-like organisms. Springer, Berlin,
pp 163–185
Schu ̈ßler A, Mollenhauer D, Schnepf E, Kluge M (1994)
Geosiphon pyriforme, an endosymbiotic associa-
tion of fungus and cyanobacteria: the spore struc-
ture resembles that of arbuscular mycorrhizal
(AM) fungi. Bot Acta 107:36–45
Schu ̈ßler A, Gehrig H, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001a)
Analysis of partial Glomales SSU rRNA gene
sequences: implications for primer design and
phylogeny. Mycol Res 105:5–15
Schu ̈ßler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001b) A new
fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny
and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421
Schu ̈ßler A, Martin H, Cohen D, Fitz M, Wipf D (2006)
Characterization of a carbohydrate transporter
from symbiotic glomeromycotan fungi. Nature
444:933–936
Schwarzott D, Walker C, Schu ̈ßler A (2001)Glomus, the
largest genus of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
(Glomales), is non-monophyletic. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 21:190–197
Simon L, Bousquet J, Levesque RC, Lalonde M (1993)
Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal
fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants.
Nature 363:67–69
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis,
3rd edn. Academic, London
Smith SE, Dickson S, Smith FA (2001) Nutrient transfer
in arbuscular mycorrhizas: how are fungal and
plant processes integrated? Aust J Plant Physiol
28:683–694
Sondergaard M, Laegaard S (1977) Vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhiza in some aquatic vascular
plants. Nature 268:232–233
Spain JL (2003) Emendation ofArchaeosporaand of its
type species,Archaeospora trappei. Mycotaxon 87:
109–112
Stewart WN, Rothwell GW (1993) Paleobotany and the
evolution of plants, 2nd edn. Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge
Stockinger H, Walker C, Schu ̈ßler A (2009) ‘Glomus
intraradicesDAOM197198’, a model fungus in
arbuscular mycorrhiza research, is notGlomus
intraradices. New Phytol 183:1176–1187
Stockinger H, Kru ̈ger M, Schu ̈ßler A (2010) DNA bar-
coding of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phy-
tol 187:461–474
Stu ̈rmer SL (2012) A history of the taxonomy and
systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. Mycor-
rhiza 22:247–258
Stu ̈rmer SL, Morton JB (1999) Taxonomic reinter-
pretation of morphological characters in Acaulo-268 D. Redecker and A. Schu ̈ßler