Systematics and Evolution, Part A The Mycota

the result of massive extinctions during evolu-

tion. In contrast, broad host ranges of some

groups, e.g. the Georgefischeriales on Poaceae

with a few species on Convolvulaceae and Cyper-

aceae, the Tilletiales on Poaceae with five species

on Leguminosae, and the Ustilaginaceae on

monocots with a few genera on eudicots, indicate

not only that the ancestors of Ustilaginomyco-

tina have undergone periods of parallel evolution

with their hosts, but host jumps may have stimu-

lated the evolution of a large number of taxa.

Thus,host specificityseen in genera like

UstilagoandTilletiaon Poaceae (Stoll et al.

2005 )orEntylomaon asterids (Begerow et al.

2002 ) might be aresult of adaptive radiation.

Branch lengths of molecular analyses suggest

radiations in these genera, which are younger

than some 100–200 million years old.

C. Evolutionary Trends

Finally, our analyses suggest the following evo-

lutionary trends within Ustilaginomycotina:

• Cellular interactions from simple to complex
  forms;


• Multiple convergent evolution of intracellu-
  lar fungal elements;


• Multiple convergent evolution of spore balls;


• Repeated loss of septal pores in senescent
  hyphae;


• Repeated loss of teliospores as propagules;


• Multiple convergent evolution of gastroid
  taxa;


• Repeated loss of ballistosporic mechanism;


• Repeated change of sorus location from veg-
  etative organs to flowers;


• Multiple convergent evolution of sporulation
  in anthers;


• Coevolution with host groups, but also with
  ecosystems;


• Repeated jumps to unrelated hosts.

Acknowledgements We thank Alistair McTaggart
(Agri-Science Queensland, Australia) for his critical
reading of the manuscript, Lori Carris (Washington

State University, USA) and Hans Henrik Bruun (Center

for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Denmark)

for providing photographs of T. controversa and

M. endogenumfor Fig.11.1, and Meike Piepenbring

(Goethe Universita ̈t, Germany) for several drawings

for Fig. 11.3.Ka ́lma ́nVa ́nky (HUV, Germany) is

acknowledged for many specimens and the Deutsche

Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial support.

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