Unstable perforate SPCs(Fig.14.2b, c). In
all members of the Phallomycetidae studied,
such asAseroesp.,Clathrus archeri,Geastrum
spp., Gomphus clavatus, Phallus impudicus,
Ramariaspp., andSphaerobolussp., there are
predominantly imperforate SPCs, but in each
species, often in the same sections, there are
also dolipores with perforate SPCs. Usually,
the intracisternal layering of the imperforate
SPCs appears somehow incomplete. These
observations suggest that the perforation for-
mation in the Phallomycetidae begins later in
comparison to that in the other accordant
groups. Accordingly, the SPCs in this group
may represent a unique type.
Regularly perforate SPCswith openings of
roughly 100 nm (Fig.14.2d, e). Usually, the
openings are more or less hexagonally
arranged. This type is realized in the Agarico-
mycetidae and related groups (i.e., Russulales,
Corticiales, Gloeophyllales, Polyporales, and
Thelephorales), theRickenellaandPeniophor-
ella praetermissaclades within the Hymeno-
chaetales, and the core cantharelloid group
within Cantharellales [for the taxa and clades
see Hibbett ( 2006 ) and van Driel et al. ( 2009 )].
Irregularly perforate SPCswith a few large
openings of several hundred nanometers
(Fig.14.2f). This type characterizes the Cerato-
basidiales clade within the Cantharellales.Fig. 14.4Phallomycetidae, including Phallales (a),
Geastrales (b), Hysterangiales (c), and Gomphales
(d,e). (a)Clathrus ruber.(b) Geastrum saccatum.
(c)Hysterangium coriaceum.(d)Turbinellus floccosus.
(e)Kavinia himantioides. Photos by Michael Wood
(a–d;http://www.mykoweb.com) and Otto Miettinen (e)Agaricomycetes 379