CorticiaceaeHerter: this family, originally con-
served against Vuilleminiaceae (Pouzar 1985 ) to repre-
sent a much broader circumscription than has emerged
in recent molecular-based classifications, is now viewed
by Ghobad-Nejhad et al. ( 2010 ) as a well-supported
clade containing species with and without clamps,
including the type species ofCorticium, and a variety
of sexual and asexual genera with diverse nutritional
modes (Erythricium,Galzinia,Giulia,Laetisaria,Limo-
nomyces,Marchandiobasidium,Marchandiomphalina,
Marchandiomyces,Marchandiopsis, andWaitea). As
mentioned by these authors, Corticiaceae is by far the
most diverse family in Corticiales, both morphologi-
cally and ecologically. It also contains several polyphy-
letic genera in need of revision. The single most
problematic clade, containing Marchandiomyces,
Marchandiopsis,Limonomyces, andLaetisaria, is also
the most interesting ecologically. Improving the inter-
nal resolution in this clade will not only resolve the
generic taxonomy of these groups but also help to
clarify some of the most interesting ecological transi-
tions in Agaricomycetes.
J. Jaapiales
Overview: Jaapiales Manfr. Binder, K.H. Larss.
& Hibbett (Binder et al. 2010 ) is the smallest
order of Agaricomycetes, with a single genus of
just two species,Jaapia argillaceaandJ. ochro-
leuca. Fruiting bodies of both species are resu-
pinate, at first patchy, then thinly effused and
monomitic, with thin-walled hyphae and fre-
quent clamp connections. Basidiospores are
narrowly fusoid (boletinoid) and cyanophilous.
Ecological diversity: both species ofJaapia
fruit on wet, rotting wood on the margins of
lakes and streams and are collected infre-
quently (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976 ). Only
J. argillaceais known in culture, and it is
unreactive in tests for laccase, peroxidases, or
tyrosinase (Stalpers 1978 ). Thus,Jaapiaspecies
might be brown-rot saprotrophs or ECM, but
the biology of this group is unknown. BLAST
searches using the sequences ofJ. argillaceaor
J. ochroleucayield very few matches among
environmental sequences, a rarity in the Agar-
icomycetes. At present, the only sequence
matches are to a few ITS sequences of uncul-
tured fungi from permafrost. It is likely that
woody substrates in aquatic habitats have
been undersampled for sequences of Basidio-
mycota, as well as for their fruiting bodies.
Systematics: the genus Jaapia Bres. was
referred to the Coniophoraceae (Boletales)
(Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976 ; Nannfeldt and
Eriksson 1953 ) but later recognized as distinct
from Boletales in rDNA analyses of Binder et al.
( 2005 ) and Larsson (2007a). The latter study,
based on analyses of sequences of 5.8S and nuc-
lsu rRNA, confirmed that J. ochroleucais a
member of the same lineage as the type species,
J. argillacea. A 6-gene phylogeny placedJ. argil-
lacea as a sister group to Agaricomycetidae
(Atheliales, Boletales, Amylocorticiales, and
Agaricales) (Binder et al. 2010 ), but phyloge-
nomic analyses place Jaapiales in a well-
supported clade with Corticiales and Gloeo-
phyllales (Fig.14.1).K. GloeophyllalesOverview: Gloeophyllales Thorn is an odd
taxon with no morphological or ecological
characters that unite the 6 genera and perhaps
40 species (Hibbett et al. 2007 ; Kirk et al. 2008 ).
The type genus,Gloeophyllum, is a bracket fun-
gus with resupinate, effused-reflexed, or pileate
fruiting bodies and poroid, daedaleoid, or
lamellate hymenophores (Gilbertson and
Ryvarden 1986 ). Boreostereum,Chaetodermella,
and Veluticeps (includingColumnocystis)are
corticioid to stereoid, with resupinate to
effused-reflexed fruiting bodies having a smooth
or rugose-wrinkled hymenophore (Chamuris
1988 ; Eriksson and Ryvarden 1973 ; Nakasone
1990b)(Fig.14.7b).NeolentinusandHeliocybe
produce agaricoid fruiting bodies with a central
or eccentric stipe, a convex to upturned pileus,
and adnexed to decurrent lamellae (Redhead
and Ginns 1985 )(Fig.14.7a). Most taxa are
dimitic, but some are monomitic, and others
trimitic. Simple clamp connections are constant
(most taxa), rare (someVeluticepsin culture), or
absent (Boreostereum). The context is pallid in
HeliocybeandNeolentinusbut brown in most
other taxa and browning in KOH (turning green
with KOH inBoreostereum) (Hibbett et al. 2007 ).402 D.S. Hibbett et al.