Fundamental Science and Applications for Biomaterials 51
2.3.1.2 Dissolving-Grade Pulps
For regenerated cellulose manufacturing, it is generally known that the raw material
is required to have a high cellulose content (over 90%) and low levels of hemicellu-
lose, lignin, extractives, and minerals [21–23]. Today, the raw materials used for the
production of regenerated cellulose are dissolving-grade pulps and, to a lesser extent,
cotton linters. Dissolving-grade pulps are produced mainly by two different processes:
the sulfite process and the prehydrolysis kraft process. Other pulping processes have
been investigated for the production of these pulps, including organosolv pulping. This
process is based on the use of organic solvents; however, the expense of solvent recovery
is the biggest drawback of this process. Dissolving-grade pulps are costlier than kraft
pulps. This can be attributed to several factors, such as wood costs (the production
of these pulps has a lower yield since hemicelluloses are dissolved and washed away);
capital costs (because the yield is low, more equipments may be needed to have a high
production); chemical costs; production rates (lower than for paper-grade pulps); and
the inventories and storage space (the pulps are produced for specific customers with
certain requirements, which implies a high control of the inventory). As a consequence,
the viability of converting paper-grade pulps into dissolving-grade pulps arises.
2.3.1.3 Converting Paper-Grade Pulps into Dissolving-Grade Pulps
In recent years, several studies have used different methods to examine the feasibility of
modifying paper-grade pulps for further use as dissolving-grade pulps [24, 25]. These
studies have focused mainly on the optimal removal of hemicelluloses because in the
production of viscose, hemicelluloses can affect the viscose filterability, the xanthation
of cellulose, and the strength of the end product. Several methods have been reported
for the removal of hemicelluloses, including treatments with alkaline extraction, nitren
and cuen extraction, and a combination of pretreatments using xylanases and alkaline
extraction. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of changes in the
accessibility and reactivity of the cellulose after these treatments.
2.3.2 Hemicellulose Reactivity
Several methods have been used to extract hemicellulose from woody tissues [26–28].
Those methods include dilute-acid pretreatments, alkaline extraction, alkaline peroxide
extraction, liquid hot-water extraction, steam treatment, microwave treatment, and
ionic liquid extraction.
Dilute-acid pretreatment, often involving about 0.5–1% sulfuric acid, is a useful
procedure for hemicellulose isolation. By using this method, the majority of the original
amount of hemicellulose from the poplar tree (hardwood) can be recovered as dissolved
sugar. However, in the course of such treatment, a high amount of the hemicellulose
monomers are degraded, leading to the generation of by-products. On the other hand,
extraction of hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse by using hot-water extraction at a
temperature of 150–170∘C recovers almost 90% of the hemicellulose as dissolved sugar,
but with relatively less monomer degradation than that of the dilute-acid method.
Because hot-water treatment cleaves some of the acetate groups from hemicellulose,
the pH decreases. The reduced pH results in additional generation of acetic acid, leading
to a phenomenon called “autohydrolysis.” It has been shown that autohydrolysis can be
promoted by irradiating wood with microwaves in water.
