Vertebrate Development Maternal to Zygotic Control (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

11 believed to be responsible for the metaphase II arrest in eggs of all animals. This function of Mos was discovered when extra ...

12 Ovoviviparous animals also brood their embryos internally, but in this case there is no placental connection, and the unborn ...

13 urodeles show physiological polyspermy, where several sperm enter each egg (see below). In birds the sperm must pass through ...

14 In other animals such as mammals, there is no indication for an action potential after sperm-egg fusion. Physiologically poly ...

15 embryo development (Stricker 1999 ). The elevation of Ca2+ level is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for egg activation ...

16 In frog eggs there is a local, slow increase in Ca2+ concentration at the site of sperm entry that lasts for 20–60 s (Nuccite ...

17 Fig. 1.2 A Ca2+ wave triggered by the fertilizing sperm in a medaka egg. The wave was visualized by measuring luminescence of ...

18 1 mM. Inside the endoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ is stored through attachment to Ca2+- binding proteins. Such proteins can be cla ...

19 of sperm: a hypotonic shock triggers a Ca2+ transient in the central ooplasm (Sharma and Kinsey 2008 ). This later finding is ...

20 Ca2+ release (Jaffe 1983 ). Theoretically, this mechanism is conceivable in species such as fish, frog, and hamster, where a ...

21 domains of PLCγ inhibit PLCγ activation by the receptor, they are unable to block Ca2+ release at fertilization (Mehlmann et ...

22 One candidate for the sperm factor was “oscillin,” a protein identified in hamster sperm. Oscillin was isolated by serial chr ...

23 ability to trigger regenerative Ca2+ oscillations (Parrington et al. 2002 ). These data suggested that the sperm factor might ...

24 function. The fact that PLCζ lacks such a domain is consistent with the finding that PLCζ does not specifically localize in t ...

25 the Ca2+ signal during mammalian fertilization. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a powerful technique used in assis ...

26 spermatozoa, which, after injected into eggs, is able to fully replicate the Ca2+ fingerprint of the sperm. The Ca2+ elevatio ...

27 1.3.5 Repetitive Ca2+ Oscillations It is not entirely clear what makes the Ca2+ signal oscillate. Most signals that are gener ...

28 ated Ca2+ entry is functional in eggs and it may serve to refill the endoplasmic reticulum. The analysis of the precise link ...

29 the periodic increases in the rate of Ca2+ influx (Halet et al. 2004 ). PKC activation with phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetra ...

30 having large eggs with external fertilization. The Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus, has eggs as large as 5–8 mm ...