Vertebrate Development Maternal to Zygotic Control (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

132 be described as follows (Fig. 4.5). During anaphase, at a time when nuclear enve- lope membranes are being reformed, a micro ...

133 explain the alignment of the spindle in the same direction as the furrow from the previous cycle, if the sister centrosomes ...

134 ing has found variations in the cell cleavage pattern during the earliest cell cycles (Olivier et al. 2010 ). Later cell cyc ...

135 dimensions, this combined mechanism results in changes in spindle orientation that begin to transform a two-dimensional sing ...

136 and Faber 1967 ; Sawai and Yomota 1990 ). Also similar to zebrafish, spindles acquire their final orientation early in the m ...

137 and vegetally located yolk. The result of this z-axis shift in spindle orientation is cell furrowing along a plane parallel ...

138 4.3.4.1 Meroblastic Cleavage in Aves and Reptiles Most knowledge concerning the cleavage stages of avian embryos comes from ...

139 Study of chick cleavage stages reveals some striking similarities to groups out- side amniotes. For example, evidence sugges ...

14 0 are scarce (Wise et al. 2009 ; Matsubara et al. 2014 ). Reasons for this can include difficulty of establishing breeding co ...

141 Based on their differential distribution between the animal and vegetal poles in the zygote, several candidates have been pr ...

142 mediating the developmental fate of each blastomere and distinction between the four classes of four-cell mammalian embryos ...

143 tion and positive pregnancy outcome (Lundin et al. 2001 ). More recent findings, however, suggest that it is the duration of ...

14 4 general understanding of cell cleavage patterning in early embryos. The mechanism appears to involve symmetric cleavages in ...

145 ing each blastomere to generate an eight-cell blastula with four cells in each of the animal and vegetal halves of the embry ...

146 intestinalis, and Phallusia mammillata, indicating a high degree of conservation for cytoplasmic mechanisms involved in cell ...

147 4.4 Cell Division Machinery During the Early Cleavage Stage Cell division in the early embryo is influenced by features char ...

148 ited similar sizes to the in vivo equivalent. Furthermore, an upper limit to spindle size was also shown to occur in Xenopus ...

149 depends on cytoplasmic volume and a limiting subunit such as free tubulin and results in spindle scaling in smaller cells. A ...

150 added near the base of the advancing furrow. The new plasma membrane therefore has a composition different from that of the ...

151 microtubule- containing structures in the cleavage plane, such as interzonal spindle microtubules. The rapid expansion of ne ...