541mammalian germline cycle, 516
mechanism, 516
passive, 516
paternal and maternal genomes, 516
primordial germ cell reprogramming, 516
symmetrical, 515
and transcriptional silencing, 515
in vertebrate genomes, 515
DNMT3 family, 515
Dominant-negative (DN) effect, 191
Dormant maternal mRNAs, 501
Dorsal determinant(s)
egg activation, 176
transport, 220
Wnt ligands, 175
Xenopus and zebrafish, 175
Dorsal determinant signaling, 226–230,
234–235
cortical field, 225
Nieuwkoop center, 226
PCP, 230–232
wnt secretion and extracellular regulation,
233, 234
wnt signaling, 226
wnt/beta-catenin signal
axin dephosphorylation, 229
beta-catenin protein, 229
cysteine-rich domain (CRD), 227
“destruction” complex, 227, 228
transcriptional responses, 229, 230
wnt/calcium release signaling, 232, 233
Xenopus embryos, 226
Dorsal forerunner cells, 321
Dorsal vegetal blastomeres, 419
Dorsal yolk syncytial layer (dYSL), 212, 219,
221, 226, 235, 238–240
Dorsoventral patterning, 246, 247,
250–255
axial mesoderm, 248, 249
BMP antagonism, 249, 250
BMP gradient signaling
molecular interpretation, 253–254
and organizer, 254–255
gastrula, 248
neural induction
BMP antagonism, 250
FGF signaling, 251
organizer, 250
and organizer
bird and mammalian embryos, 246
developmental plasticity, 251
molecular characterization, 247
self-organization, 252
secondary embryo, 246
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 498
E
Early embryonic cell cycles
APC/C activity, 104
APC/C regulation, 104
blastula, 102
cyclin-B, 104
cyclin-B mRNAs, 103
geminin, 105
hyperaccumulation, DNA replication-
licensing factors, 105
ICM, 104
inhibitory phosphorylations, Cdk1, 103
in mammalian embryos, 102
MBT, 104
pluripotent ES cells, 105
T14/Y15 unphosphorylated, 103
UTR, maternal mRNAs, 103
UV-light and x-ray irradiation, 103
in Xenopus, 102
XErp1, 104
in zebrafish, 102
ZGA, 104
Early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1), 90, 104, 105
Egg-to-embryo transition, 213
ELAVL2 elimination, 512
Embryogenesis
molecular asymmetries, 72
mRNA regulation, 71, 72
Embryonic cleavage divisions, 444–456
cell cycle checkpoints (see Cell cycle
checkpoints, early embryogenesis)
cell cycle remodeling (see Cell cycle
remodeling, MBT)
checkpoint acquisition, MBT
DNA damage, 454–455
SAC acquisition, 455, 456
rapid
cell proliferation, 444
cyclin E/Cdk2, 446
cyclin E/Cdk2 activity, 446
cyclins and Cdks, 445
phospho-regulation, Cdk1, 445
regulation, mitotic cyclin protein levels,
445–446
regulators, 444
replication, cleavage cycles, 446–447
serine–threonine kinases, 444
Embryonic genome activation (EGA), 142
Embryonic shield, 332
Endocytic marginal cells (NEM), 321
Endo-siRNAs, 498–500
Energetic/synthetic resources, 493
Ensa/Arpp19
PP2A-B55 inhibitors, 94–95
PP2A-B55 phosphatase, 95–96Index