Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters

The Fossil Record 65

Precambrian

Cambrian

Devonian

Mississippian

Pennsylvanian

Permian

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

Paleogene Fm

Ss

Ls

=

=

=

Formation

Sandstone

Limestone

Claron Fm

Kaiparowits Fm

Wahweap Ss

Straight Cliffs Ss

Tropic Shale

Dakota Ss

Winsor Fm

Curtis Ss

Entrada Ss

Carmel FmNavajo Ss

Older rocks not exposed

Carmel Fm

Navajo Ss

Kayenta Fm

Wingate Ss

Chinle Fm

Moenkopi Fm

Kaibab Ls

Older rocks not exposed

Moenkopi Fm

Kaibab Ls

Toroweap Fm

Coconino Ss

Hermit Shale

Supai Fm

Redwall Ls

Temple Butte Ls

Colorado

River

Muav Fm

Tapeats Ss

Vishnu

Schist

Grand

Canyon

Series

Bright Angel Shale

Grand Canyon

30 km

Bryce Canyon Zion Canyon

A

B

Fault

Fault C

A BC

FIGURE 3.4. The sequence of rocks in the “Grand Staircase” and Grand Canyon country of Utah and Arizona
shows that the superpositional order of formations and geologic time periods is no geologic fantasy but is
instead based on empirical evidence.

are found on top of “smarter, faster land animals,” including many places in the Atlantic
Coast of the United States, Europe, and Asia, where marine shell beds overlie those bear-
ing land mammals. In some places, like the Calvert Cliffs of Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
(fig. 3.2A) or Sharktooth Hill near Bakersfield, California, the land mammal fossils and the
marine shells are all mixed together, and there are also beds with marine shells above and
below those containing land mammals! How could that make any sense with the “rising
floodwaters” of the creationist model?

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