The Rebirth of Naturalism j 319319 319
- According to Dronke, “in the Cosmographia, herbs are the special concern of Physis, not
Natura .” - Alan of Lille (1980), The Plaint of Nature, trans. James J. Sheridan. Pontifical Institute of
Mediaeval Studies, Toronto. - In Berceo, Mary is actually identified with the entire orchard, with each tree representing
one of her miracles. - Winston- Allen, A. (2005), Stories of the Rose: The Making of the Rosary in the Middle Ages,
Pennsylvania State University Press. - Dunn, C. W. (1962), Introduction to The Romance of the Rose, first edition. E. P. Dutton.
- Winston- Allen, Stories of the Rose.
- Hand les.
- According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED): “The iron blade fixed in front of
the share in a plough; it makes a vertical cut in the soil, which is then sliced horizontally by
the share.” - Winston- Allen cites a comparable example of overtly sexual rose symbolism in a
thirteenth- century fable from Germany, which echoes the ancient Sumerian myth of Innana
and the date grower (as discussed in Chapter 5). A wily farmhand spots an exhausted serving
maid fast asleep. Taking advantage, he gingerly lifts her skirts, exposing her “rose garden.” Before
leaving, he draws a little circle with lamp black just above her “little rose bush.” The circle is a
reference to an obscene German song celebrating a “wreath of brown roses.” Winston- Allen,
Stories of the Rose. - Definition from the Oxford English Dictionary.
- Winston- Allen, Stories of the Rose.
- Wright, T., and J. O. Halliwell, eds. (1841– 43), Reliquiae Antiquae: Scraps From Ancient
Manuscripts, Vol I, p. 190. - Juniper, B. E., and D. J. Mabberley (2006), The Story of the Apple. Timber Press.
- Augspach, E. A. (2004), The Garden as Woman’s Space in Twelfth- and Thirteenth- Century
Literature. Edwin Mellon Press. - Touissaint- Samat, M. (2008), A History of Food, second edition. Wiley- Blackwell.
- Pastoureau, Michel (1993), Bonum, Malum, Pomum: Une Histoire Symbolique de la
Pomme, in L’Arbre: Histoire Naturelle et Symbolique de l’Arbre, du Bois et du Fruit au Moyen
Âge. Le Léopard D’Or. - Easton, S. E. (1952), Roger Bacon. Oxford University Press.
- Mudge, K., J. Janick, and S. Scofield (2009), A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews
35:437– 492. - Hämeen- Anttila, J. (2006), The Last Pagans of Iraq. Brill, Leiden. The complete Nabatean
Agriculture is more than a thousand pages long and written in Arabic. The Last Pagans of Iraq,
the only English translation, includes sixty- one translated excerpts focusing mainly on the eth-
nographic, philosophical, and religious material. Most of the agronomic details are derived from
Greco- Latin sources.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid. - Ruel, Jean (1536), De Natura Stirpium Libre Tres. Cited by Juniper, B. E., and D. J.
Mabberley, The Story of the Apple.