Flora Unveiled

Index j 507

507 507

Europe, Western. See also specific regions and

time periods

archaeological periods, 11– 13, 12t

Eve

apple of, as evil, 298– 299

in Genesis, as plant gatherer, 32, 65n9

Experiments and Observations on the Production

of Hybrids in the Plant Kingdom

(Gaertner), 464

Ezina- Kusu (goddess of grain), 104

Fairchild, Thomas, 360– 362, 376n29, 416

Fairchild’s Mule, 361– 362, 371

Fanny Hill (Cleland), 380

farmers, first. see also agriculture; crop domesti-

cation and gender

Khiamians, 33– 34, 34f

Sultanians, 34– 35, 40

Father of Botany. See Theophrastus

fathers, multiple biological, 418, 428n28

female sexual organs. See also specific types

Aristotle on, 5– 6

Galen on, 6, 7, 7f

Laqueur on, 6

fern allies, 495n11

ferns. see also cryptogams

alternation of generations in, Hofmeister on,

478– 481

antheridia, 474n12

archegonia in, 474n12

asexual spores in, 466

in Cryptogamia, 368, 465

gametophytes in, 479

gametophytes in, as embryo sac and pollen

grains, 484– 486, 485f, 486f

in German herbal, Medieval, 268f

in Juliana Anicia Codex,  258 f

life cycle of, 468– 469, 469f, 470f,

480– 481, 482f

reproduction stages of

asexual, 468, 469f, 479

sexual, 468, 470f

Schleiden on, 469, 472– 473

spore dispersal in, 476n30

spores in, asexual, 466

Sumińsky on, 468– 469, 470f

Tournefort’s research on, 351– 352

Fertile Crescent. See also specific settlements

agricultural settlements of, earliest, 36

founder crops of, 36

fertility, female, factors in, 13– 14

fertilization, 2

cross- fertilization in, Darwin on, 490– 491

double, 489, 496n17

pistils in, 2, 494

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 438

figs (Ficus)

Aristotle on, 216

of Çatalhüyük, 49f, 50

dioecious, 142, 177n14

female flowers in, 177n14

fruit shedding in, Theophrastus on, 223

in Minoan Knossos palace, 141f, 142

figurines, funerary, of Shabti, 115, 116f, 135n72

figurines, in Levant

Khiamian, 40– 44, 42f

Natufian, 40, 41f

Sha’ar Hagolans and Yarmukian, 44– 47,

45 f– 46f

Sultanian, 43f, 44

figurines, plant– female associations in, in

Neolithic Europe, 72– 81, 73f– 80f

“cereal grain” eyes in, 72, 76f

“coffee bean” eyes in, 72

“dot and lozenge motif ” in, 72, 75f

green paint and grain impressions in, 72, 73f

in Haqar Qim, “Mother Goddess” and

limestone altar of, 78– 81, 80f

male vs. female, 72

in Malta

Hypogeum of, pomegranate and “Sleeping

Lady” in, 78, 79f

monumental statues with images at base

in, 74– 76, 78f

Mina’s gender categories for, 72

plant symbolism in, 72, 74f

vase- shaped, long- necked “Hamagian type”

of, 72– 73, 77f

Flora (goddess of flowers), 233– 236, 234f

Primavera (Botticelli), 305, 306f

floral ecology, Sprengel’s, 423– 427, 429nn40,

46– 47, 50

floral menstruation theory, Malpighi’s,

.324– 328, 326f, 329f

Marchant on, 351

Flora Uplandica (Linnaeus), 366