102 W. Q. Zheng et al.
et al. 1994 ; Lysyk and Axtell 1986 ; Syamsa et al.
2012 ). They also suck plant juice and animal
blood (Perlman 1962 ; Schofield and Torr 2002 ).
Flies cause major damage in agriculture, forestry,
animal husbandry and food-processing industry
(Bonnefoy et al. 2008 ; Chapin et al. 1989 ; Ekesi
2010 ; Schofield and Torr 2002 ; Yadav et al.
2006 ). The global economic loss cannot be mea-
sured every year because of the damage and in-
festation caused by flies (Bonnefoy et al. 2008 ).
In China, field flies mainly infest citrus fruit,
vegetables, cowhide and silkworm, and seriously
degrade the commercial value of these products
(Huang and Huang 2012 ; Li et al. 2000 ; Liang
et al. 2012 ; Liu et al. 2012 ; Ma et al. 2008 ). Of
the thousands of species of flies, only a few are
common in and around the home. Some of the
most common flies in China are housefly ( M.
domestica), false stable fly ( Muscina stabulans)
and the lesser house fly ( Fannia canicularis).
The most commonly found flies are the common
green bottle fly ( Lucilia sericata), the oriental la-
trine fly ( Chrysomya megacephala), Aldrichina
grahami, Anthomyia illocata, Helicophagella
melanura and the flesh fly ( Boettcherisca per-
egrina) (Jia and Wu 2008 ). These pests breed
in pathogen-laden animal wastes, carrion and
decaying organic material from where they can
pick up bacteria and viruses. A single filth fly
can carry over 1 million pathogens that can be
a threat to public health (Barin et al. 2010 ; Bon-
nefoy et al. 2008 ; Graczyk et al. 2005 ). Around
60 different diseases can be transmitted by filth
flies, from salmonella infection to dysentery
(Bonnefoy et al. 2008 ).
The most commonly used control measures
for flies are environmental management, physical
control, chemical control and biological control,
but in some instances integrated fly control has
also been implemented (Collier and Van Steen-
wyk 2003 ; Cook et al. 2007 ). (1) Environmen-
tal management: Most filth flies can reproduce
quickly in warm weather. To keep fly population
under control, we should limit the places where
they can breed and feed. Good sanitation prac-
tices can largely reduce fly population. There is
nothing a filth fly who likes less than proper sani-
tation. Adult flies need a place to lay their eggs,
and a clean home and yard just won’t appeal to
mama fly (Powell 1993 ; Rozendaal 1997 ). (2)
Physical control: Following all the sanitation
rules above will significantly reduce, but not
completely eliminate flies in or around our yard
and home. Physical control steps can be adopted
to further limit and exclude the number of these
unhealthy pests using barriers and traps to keep
doors, windows and vents closed, and by screen-
ing and sealing these and other fly entry points.
Automatic door closing devices and air curtains
that blow air away from doorways can also be
installed to supplement an integrated fly man-
agement program. In addition to fly swatting,
mechanical fly control includes trapping. Sticky
fly paper is one type of fly trap. Ultraviolet light
traps are another type, often used to supplement
fly control in commercial buildings (Kaufman
et al. 2005 ; Powell 1993 ; Rozendaal 1997 ). (3)
Chemical control: Pesticides are available to
control flies but should never be used as the first
line of defence against them. This type of control
provides only temporary relief. Even worse, the
indiscriminate and improper use of chemical in-
secticides has given rise to many well-known and
serious problems such as the risk of developing
insect resistance and residual insecticides for hu-
mans and the environment. These problems have
been coupled with acute neurotoxicity for human
beings and domesticated animals (Brogdon and
McAllister 1998 ; Elliott et al. 1978 ; Metcalf
1989 ). (4) Biological control: This type of con-
trol measure is generally accepted due to advan-
tages such as environmental friendliness and
harmlessness to non-target organisms. Biologi-
cal control can also be subdivided into release of
parasitic wasp, introduction of natural enemies,
use of pathogenic microorganisms and applica-
tion of secondary compound derived from plants
or animals.Parasitic Wasp Release
A few datum available indicate that Spalangia and
Muscidifurax species are commercially available
parasites most likely to attack both house fly and
stable fly pupae in feedlots. Muscidifurax species