116 M. Chandrashekharaiah et al.
(Owolade et al. 2008 ). Nanoencapsulation is a
process through which a chemical or an insecti-
cide is slowly but efficiently released to a particu-
lar system for efficient pest control. Nanoencap-
sulation with nanoparticles in the form of pesti-
cide allows for proper absorption of the chemical
into the plants unlike the case of larger particles
(Scrinis and Lyons 2007 ). This process can also
deliver DNA and other desired chemicals into
plant tissues for protection of host plants against
insect pests (Torney 2009 ). Release mechanisms
of nanoencapsulation include diffusion, dissolu-
tion, biodegradation, and osmotic pressure with
specific pH (Vidhyalakshmi et al. 2009 ; Ding and
Shah 2009 ). Nanoparticles loaded with garlic es-
sential oil are efficacious against Tribolium casta-
neum Herbst (Yang et al. 2009 ). It is also known
that aluminosilicate-filled nanotube can stick to
plant surfaces while nanoingredients of nano-
tube have the ability to stick to the surface hair
of insect pests and ultimately enter the body and
influence certain physiological functions. Sukul
et al. ( 2009 ) have reported that potentized drugs
significantly increased plant growth, chlorophyll,
protein, and water content in the leaves as com-
pared to the control. CCC 30 (nano) was found
more effective than CCC 30. Potentized drugs
are thought to initiate action on the integral mem-
brane proteins of leaves and modulate cell physi-
ology towards growth. Barik et al. ( 2008 ) opined
that more ambitious uses of nanoparticles are
bioremediation of contaminated environments,
biocides and antifungals on textiles.
Surface-modified hydrophobic as well as li-
pophilic nanosilica could be effectively used as
novel drugs for treatment of nuclear polyhedrosis
virus (BmNPV), a scourge in the silkworm indus-
try. Also, research on silkworm Bombyx mori, L.
race Nistari, clearly demonstrates that nanopar-
ticle could stimulate more production of fibroin
protein which can help in producing carbon
nanotube in future (Bhattacharyya et al. 2008 ;
Bhattacharyya 2009 ). This highlights the putative
effects of nanoparticles on insects, as these small
particles are present in their body. Research on
nanoparticles and insect control should be geared
toward introduction of faster and ecofriendly
pesticides in future (Bhattacharyya et al. 2007 ).
Nanopesticide formulations increase the solubil-
ity of poorly soluble active ingredient and help
in releasing the active ingredients slowly. Rote-
none, a water-soluble botanical insecticide used
to control aphids, thrips, and acari from decades;
however, its effective utilization has limited due
to its poor water solubility, stability, degradation,
and isomerization when exposed to sunlight. Lao
et al. ( 2010 ) synthesized nanoparticles by loading
rotenone into a nanoparticle increasing their ef-
fectiveness by several times than free rotenone
in water-soluble one. It is high time, therefore,
that leading chemical companies to focus on
formulation of nanoscale pesticides for delivery
into the target host tissue through nanoencapsula-
tion. At present, the toxicological and ecotoxico-
logical risks linked to this expanding technology
(“emerging technology”) cannot be assessed yet.
While nanotechnology is increasingly moving
into the center of public attention, it is currently
not yet linked to any great degree to concerns
about health and the environment.Environmental Risks
Several environmental scientists working with
nanoscale structures, natural weathering of min-
erals such as iron oxides and silicates, silicates
and microorganisms produce nanoscale colloids,
which include dispersion of nanosized particles in
media with special properties that can be impor-
tant. Anthropogenic and natural colloids of solids
and liquids in gasses are commonly encountered
in the environment. However, nanotechnology is
not just about the size of very small things. It is
about structure and the ability to work—observe,
manipulate, and build at the atomic or molecular
level. The nano when it is micro then the systems
that often exhibit novel and significantly changed
physical, chemical, and biological properties due
to their size and structure. This new property has
the abilities to improve catalysis, tunable wave-
length sensing ability, and increase mechanical
strength. The basic structures of particles in-
clude nanoparticles, nanolayers, and nanotubes.
Nanoparticles or nanopolymers have the ability
to prevent pollution at source and other practices