Nanomaterials: A Review of Their Action and Application in Pest Management ... 117
that efficiently use raw materials, energy, water
or other resources to reduce or eliminate creation
of wastes. This strategy also includes using less
toxic and renewable reagents and processing
materials, where possible, and the production
of more environmentally benign manufactured
products. Nanotechnology could play a key
role in pollution-prevention technologies. For
example, nanotechnology-based home lighting
can reduce energy consumption. It can consider
as the silicon nanowires that detect pH of the soil,
carbon nanotubes, small organic molecules, and
biomolecules are examples of nanoscale materi-
als, devices, and circuits that could be used for
pollutants sensing, prevention, and treatment.
Nanotechnology applications also help to create
benign substances that replace toxic materials.
For example, nontoxic energy-efficient computer
monitors are replacing those made of cathode
ray tubes, which contain many toxic materials.
Newer liquid crystalline displays are smaller, do
not contain lead, and consume less power than
CRT computer monitors. Using carbon nano-
tubes in computer displays may further diminish
the environmental impacts by eliminating toxic
heavy metals and drastically reduce material and
energy use requirements, while providing en-
hanced performance for consumer needs. Only
few examples of beneficial and toxic effects of
nanoparticles are mentioned here. As it is a new
technology, there are several pros and cons of this
technology. Possible effects of the nanoparticles
in the environment have to be studied. The early
impact of nanotechniology research has been
mostly in remediation and end-of-pipe treatments
of pollutions in the environment. Thus, nanotech-
nology could substantially enhance environment
quality and substainability through pollution pre-
vention, treatment, and remediation.
DNA-Tagged Particles
DNA-tagged particles are oligofunctional DNA-
gold nanoparticle conjugated and highly func-
tionalized reagents can be produced from gold
nanoparticles containing up to seven different
DNA oligionucleaotide sequence. The individual
oligomers are orthogonally addressable and re-
veal an efficient reactivity that is comparable to
the analogous monofunctional conjugates.
The electrochemical properties of gold
nanaoparticles (AuNps) have led to their wider-
spread use as DNA labels. This fact has improved
the design strategies of the electrochemical de-
tection modes that are based on either AuNP
detection after dissolving or the direct detection
of the AuNP/DNA conjugates anchored onto the
genosensor surface. Various enhancement strate-
gies have been reported so as to improve the de-
tection limit. Most are based on catalytic deposi-
tion of silver onto AuNP. Other strategies on the
use of AuNPs as carrier/amplifier of other labels
will also be revised. The developed techniques
are characterized by sensitivities and specificities
that enable further applications of the developed
DNA sensors in several fields.Material and Methods
In order to evaluate the efficacy of inorganic
nanoparticles like DNA-tagged nanogold on
Spodoptera litura Fab., CdS, Nano-Ag, and
Nano-TiO2 against Spodoptera litura (Fabri-
cius), tebufenozide—RH-5992, and halofeno-
zide—RH-0345) on the development of Corcyra
cephalonica (Stainton), and tebufenozide on
Helicoverpa armigera Hubner was tested under
laboratory conditions.
Activated DNA-tagged gold nanoparticles
were prepared following Chakravarthy et al.
(2012a) method. A 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm
were prepared and 10 μl of the suspension was
mixed with chickpea ( Cicer aritinum)-based
semisynthetic diet filled in 5 ml glass vials. Sec-
ond instar S. litura larvae were released onto the
diet 20 min after surface treatment. Twenty S.
litura larvae of were exposed to each concentra-
tion of DNA-tagged gold nanoparticle for 30 s.
A control with ten untreated larvae was also
maintained.
Studies were also conducted to evaluate the
nanopartiles coated tebufenozide (RH-5992) and
halofenozide (RH-0345) against C. cephalonica.
The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ppm of the