New Horizons in Insect Science Towards Sustainable Pest Management

Vectors of Plant Viruses of Crop Plants in Southeast Asia 161

the great majority of plant viruses. The complex
and specific interactions between the hemipteran
vectors and viruses depend on two general strate-
gies, the capsid and helper strategies. Both strate-
gies are required for transmission by aphids in a
nonpersistent and semipersistent manner (Ng and
Falk 2006 ).
More than 200 plant viruses are transmitted
by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or

days after acquisition and for upto life of the in-

sects, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-

propagative mode. These viruses move through

the insect vector, from the gut lumen into hemo-

lymph or other tissues and finally into the sali-

vary glands, from which these viruses are intro-

duced back into plant host during insect feeding.

The movement and/or replication of the viruses

in the insect vectors require specific interactions

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Fig. 1 Important plant viral diseases