Antixenosis and Antibiosis Component of Rice Resistance to Asian Rice ... 275
was in close agreement with studies conducted
by several workers such as Modder and Alagoda
( 1971 ), Hidaka and Vungsilabutr ( 1971 ), Hidaka
( 1974 ), and Kalode ( 1980 ). The present investi-
gation has also confirmed antibiosis effects on re-
sistant rice cultivars studied by Sain and Kalode
( 1994 ). Presence of live maggots in all the test
entries on 7th day after adult release further sup-
ports the view that mechanical or biophysical
barrier preventing entry of maggots may not be
playing a critical role in resistance.
Hidaka and Vungsilabutr ( 1971 ) observed
failure in moulting of first-instar maggot on
W1263. A predominant antibiosis component
leading to mortality of first-instar larvae has
been also observed by many workers (Pathak and
Heinrichs 1982 ; Mathur and Rajamani 1984 ).
Mounting inhibition was presumed to be a cause
of resistance, but was not attributed to nutritional
inadequacy. In the present investigation, mag-
gots remained in the first instar in all the resistant
genotypes. However, some of the test cultivars
despite supporting the maggot development up
to second instar caused mortality without mani-
festation of silver shoots. Thus, failure to moult
cannot be the sole case of maggot mortality, but
other factors like nutritional deficiency, or the
presence of folic chemicals also might have in-
fluenced survival and development. Joshi and
Venugopal ( 1984 ) also reported reduced maggot
development and lower weight of adult females
on the resistant cultivar IET 7008 than on suscep-
tible TN1 and Co 42.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank J.
S. Bentur (AICRIP) and I. C. Pasalu (DRR, Hyderabad)
for technical advice. V. K. Lingaraj acknowledges a fel-
lowship by the University Grants Commission (UGC)
sponsored by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empow-
erment, Government of India (UGC F.16-93/SA-II/
RGNF/KAR-6/2005-06). Thanks are also due to the
Director of Research, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore and to farmers of southern and coastal regions
of Karnataka.
References
AICRIP (1969) All India Coordinated Rice Improvement
Project. Progress Report, kharif. Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
Bentur JS, Pasalu IC, Kalode MB (1992) Inheritance of
virulence in rice-gall midge ( Orseolia oryzae). Indian
J Agric Sci 62:492–493
Bentur JS, Pasalu IC, Sharma NP, Rao PU, Mishra B
(2003) Gall midge resistance in rice: current status in
India and future strategies 2003. DRR Research Paper
Series 01/2003. Directorate of Rice Research, Rajen-
dranagar, Hyderabad, India
Bentur JS, Amudhan S, Pasalu IC, Sharma NP, Rao UP
(2004) Insect-host plant interactions in gall midge-
rice. In: Bennet J, Bentur JS, Pasalu IC, Krishnaiah
K (ed) New approaches to rice gall midge resistance
in rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop,
22–24 November 1998, Hyderabad, India. Interna-
tional Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
CRRI (1952) Annual Report for 1952. Central Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack, India.
Devaiah MM (1984) Further studies on the gall midge,
Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Cecidomyiidae: Dip-
tera). M.S. thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, TN, India
Duncan DB (1955) Multiple range and multiple F-test.
Biometrics 11:1–14
Heinrichs EA, Pathak PK (1981) Resistance to the gall
midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) in rice. Insect
Sci Appl 1:123–132
Hidaka T (1974) Recent studies on the rice gall midge,
Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Cecidomyiidae: Dip-
tera). Rev Plant Prot Res 7:99–143
Hidaka T, Vungsilabutr P (1971) Study on larval develop-
ment of rice gall midge on susceptible and resistant
rice varieties. Annual Report, Rice Department, Min-
istry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand
Hidaka T, Vungsilabutor P, Kadkao S (1974) Studies on
ecology and control of rice gall midge in Thailand.
Trop Agric Res Cent Tech Bull 6:113
Israel P, Vedamurthy G, Rao YS (1961) Varietal resis-
tance to the gall midge, Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-
Mason) and other insect pests of paddy. Working paper
No. 21, 9th meeting working party of rice production
and protection. Food and Agriculture Organization,
International Rice Commission, New Delhi, India
Joshi RC (1982) Recent studies on rice gall midge, Orseo-
lia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera).
M.S. thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, TN, India
Joshi RC, Venugopal MS (1984) Mechanism of resistance
in rice to gall midge Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason):
antibiosis. Indian J Entomol 46:479–481
Kalode MB (1973) Hypersensitive reaction to insect pests
in rice varieties Summer Instt. on insect-plant relation-
ship, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, NewD-
elhi, India
Kalode MB (1980) The rice gall midge: varietal resistance
and chemical control. In: Rice improvement in China
and other Asian countries. International Rice Research
Institute, Manila, Philippines.
Kalode MB, Bentur JS (1989) Characterization of Indian
biotypes of the rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae
(Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Insect Sci
Appl 10:219–224