New Horizons in Insect Science Towards Sustainable Pest Management

372 A. D. N. T. Kumara et al.

Pheromone

In the Philippines, the O. Rhinoceros phero-
mone, ethylcrysanthemumate, was first tested
and trapped in 7–25 % of the adult population
during 3 years (Ragoussis 2007 ). The male
producing aggregation pheromone compound
4-methyloctanoate identified from Indonesia
and it was reported that it is 10 times more
effective than ethylcrysanthemumate (Wood
1968 ). Subsequently, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate
pheromone produced a commercial synthesis
(Munoz et al. 2009 ; Ragoussis et al 2007 ) and
is spreading rapidly. Trapping with this phero-
mone as a management component is now ap-
plied in Malaysia and Indonesia (Norman and
Basri 2004 ; Oehlschlager 2007 ) and is used as
a tool in ecological studies. Several trap designs
of differing costs and effectiveness are used:
pheromone emitted from a sachet dispenser has
been tested (Desmier de Chenon et al. 2001);

Plastic bucket trap; parabolic trap; single- or

double-vane traps (Oehlschlager 2007 ); and

PVC tube trap. The latter is a tube, 16 cm in

diameter and 2 m in height with two-side open-

ings or windows in the upper part and an open

top, which stands in a bucket and simulates an

upright coconut trunk. It catches more beetles

than the bucket trap and others. Adding empty

oil palm fruit stalk material or coir dust cow

dung mixture enhances the catch (Morin et al.

2001 ). In India, different doses of 4-methy-

loctanoate were field evaluated and found sig-

nificantly higher beetle catches from 750 and

1000mg doses at the rate of 1 trap/ha (Table 4 )

(Chakravarthy et al. 2014 ). A nanomatrix and

polymer composite was developed to load the

RB pheromone, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. The

pheromone loaded to the nanomatrix showed

extended duration of release when subjected to

thermal gravity analysis.

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