••• Chapter 23^ Primary and Preventative Care^235
❍ Who is considered high risk of diabetes and therefore warrants earlier screening?
Overweight (BMI ≥25).
Family history of diabetes mellitus.
Habitual physical inactivity.
African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander.
History of having a macrosomic baby or gestational diabetes.
Hypertensive.
HDL ≤35.
Triglycerides ≥250.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Vascular disease.
❍ What are the acceptable ways of diagnosing diabetes mellitus in nonpregnant adults?
(1) If patient has the symptoms of diabetes and a casual plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or greater. The classic
symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss.
(2) A fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or greater.
(3) A 2-hour glucose tolerance test value of 200 mg/dL or greater. The 2-hour test uses a 75 g glucose load.
(4) Hemoglobin A1c of ≥6.5%.
❍ How is hypertension in nonpregnant adults classified by the American Heart Association?
Blood pressure classificationBlood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic Diastolic
Normal < 120 < 80
Prehypertension 120–139 80–89
Stage I hypertension 140–159 90–99
Stage II hypertension 160–179 100–109
Hypertensive crisis > 180 > 110❍ What are the most important risk factors for osteoarthritis?
Female gender, family history, obesity, and a history of joint trauma.
❍ How do the symptoms of osteoarthritis differ from those of rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is typically exacerbated by exercise and relieved by rest, whereas rheumatoid arthritis is associated
with morning stiffness and improvement with activity.
❍ At what rate do women experience bone loss in the first 5 years after menopause?
Bone mineral density decreases by about 3% per year during this time frame, then it returns to 1% per year.