174
with CAD is markedly attenuated in the second of sequential maximal exercise ses-
sions [ 126 , 127 ]. An interesting finding was reported by Lambiase et al. [ 57 ], who
submitted CAD patients to several maximal exercise tests prior to percutaneous
coronary intervention and observed that the expected ST-segment elevation was
attenuated.
Taken together, these data suggest that exercise preconditioning might be effi-
cient in the promotion of clinical cardioprotection, reducing cardiac damage of
patients under cardiovascular risk factors as well as those who suffered a cardiac
event.
References
- Writing Group M, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ et al (2016) Executive summary: heart
disease and stroke statistics–2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 133(4):447–454 - Hausenloy DJ, Erik Botker H, Condorelli G et al (2013) Translating cardioprotection for
patient benefit: position paper from the working Group of Cellular Biology of the heart of the
European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res 98(1):7–27 - Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M et al (2012) Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int
Rev Cell Mol Biol 298:229–317 - Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (2013) Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a neglected thera-
peutic target. J Clin Invest 123(1):92–100 - Brown DA, Jew KN, Sparagna GC et al (2003) Exercise training preserves coronary flow
and reduces infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in rat heart. J Appl Physiol (1985)
95(6):2510–2518 - Powers SK, Demirel HA, Vincent HK et al (1998) Exercise training improves myocardial
tolerance to in vivo ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. Am J Phys 275(5 Pt 2):R1468–R1477 - Demirel HA, Powers SK, Zergeroglu MA et al (2001) Short-term exercise improves
myocardial tolerance to in vivo ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. J Appl Physiol (1985)
91(5):2205–2212 - Taylor RP, Harris MB, Starnes JW (1999) Acute exercise can improve cardioprotection with-
out increasing heat shock protein content. Am J Phys 276(3 Pt 2):H1098–H1102 - Miller LE, Hosick PA, Wrieden J et al (2012) Evaluation of arrhythmia scoring systems and
exercise-induced cardioprotection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44(3):435–441 - Borges JP, Verdoorn KS, Daliry A et al (2014) Delta opioid receptors: the link between exer-
cise and cardioprotection. PLoS One 9(11):e113541 - Dickson EW, Hogrefe CP, Ludwig PS et al (2008) Exercise enhances myocardial ischemic
tolerance via an opioid receptor-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
294(1):H402–H408 - Yamashita N, Hoshida S, Otsu K et al (1999) Exercise provides direct biphasic cardioprotec-
tion via manganese superoxide dismutase activation. J Exp Med 189(11):1699–1706 - Laughlin MH, Bowles DK, Duncker DJ (2012) The coronary circulation in exercise training.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302(1):H10–H23 - Laughlin MH (1985) McAllister RM (1992) exercise training-induced coronary vascular
adaptation. J Appl Physiol 73(6):2209–2225 - Hajnal A, Nagy O, Litvai A et al (2005) Nitric oxide involvement in the delayed antiarrhyth-
mic effect of treadmill exercise in dogs. Life Sci 77(16):1960–1971
J.P. Borges and K. da Silva Verdoorn