242
Table 13.1Different modes of exercise and their effects on cardiac health in rodents vs. humanModelDescriptionProtocolEffects of myocardium in rodents (animal models)References (animal models)Relevance to HumanReferences (Human)YoungOldAcute (>1 to <7 days)Moderate0–7° angle; 10–15 m/min; 45–60 min/dayActivates Nrf2 signaling, reduces oxidative stress and protects the myocardiumN/A
N/A
Endurance8–12° (uphill) angle; 20–35 m/min; 60–90 min/dayActivates Nrf2-antioxidant signalingNull response or impaired Nrf2 signaling[^96
,^146
,^145
]
Chronic (above 2 weeks)Moderate0–7° angle; 10–15 m/min; 45–60 min/dayActivates Nrf2- antioxidant signaling, prevents oxidative stress and heart failureStabilizes Nrf2- antioxidant signaling, prevents oxidative stress and heart failure[^75
,^161
,^160
,
166
,^162
]
Increased physical activity including regular walking, is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular events[^153
,^152
];
[^163
]; [
164
,
165
]
Endurance8–12° (uphill) angle; 20–35 m/min; 60–90 min/dayN/A
Destabilizes Nrf2 signaling, induces oxidative stress mediated myocardial remodeling and dysfunction[^155
,^75
,^193
]
Cardiac adaptations including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and coronary artery anomalies[^191
,^192
,^153
]
M. Narasimhan and N.-S. Rajasekaran