Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment From Molecular to Clinical, Part 1

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processes [ 17 ], the environmental exposure [ 18 ], the therapeutic intervention [ 19 ]

and so on (Table 3.1). Additionally, an effective “ideal” biomarker has the following

characteristics, according to the FDA: (1) Non-invasive/accessible. Ideally, the

overall expectation of biomarkers, from the way in which the sample is obtained,

the sampling should be non-invasive/accessible, or at least non-lethal. As a

researcher or clinical physician, it is also important to consider whether samples are

readily available, and the results obtained via a rapid access measurement or pro-

posal. (2) high, sensitive and specific. Given one of the main purposes of the bio-

marker, applications are to make a definite diagnosis and to guide treatment methods

and management strategies in clinical practice, beyond the rapid and inexpensive,

high sensitive and specific is one of the important indicators. Applicable to a broad

range of testing and lacking sensitivity and specificity is the primary reason restrict-

ing its application; (3) Cost effective. As an ideal biomarker, the overall costs should

be reasonable.

2 Traditional Inflammatory Biomarker and Regular

Physical Activity—at a Glance

The inflammatory biomarkers provide part of the comprehensive assessment of

physical activity.

However, taking into account the diverse effect on physical activity and factor-

mediated inflammation, in this part, we would like to concentrate on the applica-

tions and limitations of inflammatory biomarkers for the evaluation of some

multi-center, community-based physical activity studies. Numerous studies have

Table 3.1 Biomarkers: a basic glossary

Categories of

biomarkers subgroup Discription

Inflammatory factors

biomarkers

IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, hs-CRP,

IL-6sR, IL-1sRII, sTNFRI, sTNFRII, IL-15,

Adiponectin

Associated with

exercise-induced

cardiac dysfunction

[ 20 ];

Chronic heart failure

[ 21 ]

Functional

metabolomics

biomarkers

1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, GlcNAc-6-P,

L-carnitine methylitaconate, N-acetyl-d-

glucosamine 6-phosphate and l-carnitine

Maximum oxygen

uptake [ 22 ]

Coronary artery

calcium (CAC)

progression [ 23 ]

The heart-specific

proteome

Natriuretic peptide B, troponin T type 2

(cardiac), myosin binding protein C, ankyrin

repeat domain 1, SH3 domain binding kinase

family, myosin, light chain 4, alkali; atrial,

embryonic

Interstitial fibrosis [ 24 ]

3 The Effects offiExercise onfiCardiovascular Biomarkers: New Insights, Recent Data...