x Joanne G. Buchanan
lipid for energy production and the excess fat was deposited in the viscera. The
current study suggests that the recommended maximum level of crude protein,
lipid and feeding level to maintain the welfare and maximum growth of O.
niloticus is between 25 and 35%, 8% lipid level and feeding rate between 70
and 100% in a practical world.
Chapter 5 – The authors mapped the value chain of farmed fish and
examined gender participation along the artisanal aquaculture value chain
(AVC) in Nyanza region, Kenya as a case study for gender issues in
aquaculture and fisheries. The study was carried out with aid of structured
questionnaire that were administered through personal interviews. Results
indicated that the Kenyan aquaculture value chain is relatively simple;
including only three main stakeholder groups. These are seed producers, grow-
out farmers and fish marketers and traders. At artisanal level, women dominate
the production level in the aquaculture value chain suggesting that they could
easily integrate aquaculture into the farming system of the farming families.
However, since they are undertaken by women, they are often viewed as
requiring little skill. This is a major gender issue in aquaculture and leads to
women’s work being undervalued and poorly rewarded. Contrary to women,
majority of men owned farm land, limiting women access to credit due lack of
collateral. Majority of women and men in Nyanza region dealt with fresh fish
products as compared to processed fish, indicative of little transformation of
aquaculture fish that does not travel far inland to rural villages. There are
disparities in many aspects of fish farming between men and women, and thus
training and credit should be made available to females along the aquaculture
value chain so that they invest in cooling facility and or value addition to
improve on profits.
Chapter 6 - Most aquaculture trials in Tanzania have made insignificant
contributions to the community welfare because they did not learn from the
mistakes of the past trials. To avoid repeating the past mistakes, a study was
conducted to “review all aquaculture trials in Tanzania, objectively concluding
why the past aquaculture trials have or have not been up scaled.” Quantitative
and qualitative designs were employed to collect data from Zanzibar. The
study population comprised of milkfish, crab and sea cucumber farmers, as
well as farmers who abandoned aquaculture. Instruments used for data
collection included questionnaire, group discussion, researchers’ observations
and secondary information sources. The results showed that the aquaculture
trials have not been up-scaled because of: low priority given to the aquaculture
sector, targeting the poorer community, introduction process of projects that
killed “self-help” sprit, the unmet objectives for undertaking aquaculture, the