64
We next describe data used to define EM-GC inputs of stratospheric optical
depth (SOD), total solar irradiance (TSI), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and
the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). These measurements are discussed in considerable
detail by Canty et al. ( 2013 ); therefore, only brief descriptions are given here.
The time series for SODi in Eq. 2.2 is based on the global, monthly mean data set
of Sato et al. ( 1993 ), available from 1850 to the end of 2012.^9 This time series makes
use of ground-based, balloon-borne, and satellite observations, and represents pertur-
(^9) The Sato et al. ( 1993 ) SOD record is at: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/modelforce/strataer/tau.
line_2012.12.txt
a
b
RCP 4.5
RCP 8.5
Fig. 2.7 Aerosol ΔRF versus time, RCP 4.5 and 8.5. (a) Various scenarios for AerRF 2011 of −0.1.
−0.4, −0.9, −1.5, and −1.9 W m−^2 (open squares) for RCP 4.5 aerosol precursor emissions; (b)
same as (a), except for RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. See Methods for further information
2 Forecasting Global Warming