Genes, Brains, and Human Potential The Science and Ideology of Intelligence

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352 2. PRETEND GENES



  1. E. Bryant, Twins and Higher Multiple Births: A Guide to Th eir Nature and Nurture
    (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992), 136.

  2. E. Bryant, Twins and Higher Multiple Births, 136.

  3. For full reference details, see K. Richardson and S. H. Norgate, “A Critical Analy sis of
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  4. K. Richardson and S. H. Norgate, “A Critical Analy sis of IQ Studies of Adopted
    Children.”

  5. K. R. Murphy, “Th e Logic of Validity Generalization,” in Validity Generalization: A
    Critical Review, ed. K. R. Murphy (Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum, 2003), 1–30, 16.

  6. Susan Dominus, “Th e Mixed- Up Brothers of Bogota,” New York Times (July 9, 2015).

  7. P. Christe, A.P Moller, N. Saino, and F. De Lope, “Ge ne tic and Environmental Com-
    ponents of Phenotypic Variation in Immune Response and Body Size of a Colonial
    Bird, Delichon urbica (the House Martin),” Heredity 85 (July 2000): 75–83.

  8. P. Schönemann, “Models and Muddles of Heritability,” Ge ne tica 99 (1997), 97–108, 105.

  9. G. Davies, A. Tenesa, A. Payton, J. Yang, S. E Harris, et al., “Genome- Wide Associa-
    tion Studies Establish that Human Intelligence Is Highly Heritable and Polygenic,”
    Molecular Psychiatry 16 (October 2012): 996–1005.

  10. E. Charney, “Still Chasing Ghosts: A New Ge ne tic Methodology Will Not Find the
    ‘Missing Heritability,’ ” In de pen dent Science News (September 19, 2013).

  11. D. Conley, M. L. Siegal, B. W. Domingue, K. M. Harris, M. B. McQueen, and J. D.
    Boardman, “Testing the Key Assumption of Heritability Estimates Based on Genome-
    Wide Ge ne tic Relatedness,” Journal of Human Ge ne tics 59 (June 2014): 342–345.

  12. M. Trzaskowski, N. Harlaar, R. Arden, E. Krapohl, K. Rimfeld, et al., “Ge ne tic Infl u-
    ence on Family Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Intelligence,” Intelligence 42
    (January– February 2014): 83–88.

  13. Y. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Lee, N. H. Kim, J. Lim, et al., “On the Estimation of Heritability
    with Family- Based and Population- Based Samples,” BioMed Research International
    2015 (August 2015): Article ID 671349, www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pubmed / 26339629.

  14. S. K. Kumar, M. W. Feldman, D. H. Rehkopf, and S. Tuljapurkar, “Limitations of
    GCTA as a Solution to the Missing Heritability Prob lem,” Proceedings of the National
    Acad emy of Sciences, USA (December 2015): doi/10.1073/pnas.1520109113.

  15. E. Charney, “Still Chasing Ghosts.”

  16. D. Conley et  al., “Heritability and the Equal Environments Assumption,” 415–426,
    419.
    3. PRETEND INTELLIGENCE

  17. R. J. Sternberg and D. Kauff man (eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Ca m-
    bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

  18. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (London: Macmillan, 1869), 37.

  19. E. Hunt, “On the Nature of Intelligence,” Science 219 (Jan 1983): 141–146, 141.


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