244 Index
live-bearing sharks, 5, 50–51, 114, 115–18, 122,
123–24
liver: diseases, 107, 181; liver oil, 162, 183, 193,
199; oil-filled, for buoyancy, 7, 45; parasites,
109; pollutant levels, 182–83, 193
Lobed Stingaree (Urolophus lobatus), 130, 133
longevity, 130–31
Longnose Skate (Raja rhina), 55, 130, 133
Lowfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus),
121
MacDonald, Cam, 218
mackerel sharks, 4, 10, 17
makos, 10, 18, 223; age determination, 134; at-
tacks, 174; body temperature, 24; coloration,
53, 59, 64; declining numbers, 185, 188;
enemies, 103; eyes, 64; feeding, 17–18, 24,
43, 142, 151; fishing, 193, 194; media depic-
tions, 210, 211, 220; migration, 85; parasites,
110; reproduction, 116, 122; safety of eating,
182; sex segregation, 128; size, maturity, and
longevity, 129, 130; speed, 17–18, 142; stom-
ach eversion, 138–39; swimming, 43; teeth,
25, 26, 31; tracking movements, 226; vertical
movements, 89
manta rays (Manta birostris; Manta alfredi), 4,
10, 11, 176, 223; activity, 99; boat injuries,
200; brain, 52, 80; “cleaning stations,” 78,
101–2; coloration, 60, 225; conservation, 188;
enemies, 78, 101, 103; feeding, 13, 99, 138,
148–50; fishing, 188; groups, 68, 70, 71, 72;
habitats, 13; mating/reproduction, 112, 119,
121, 124; maturity and longevity, 130, 131;
media depictions, 214–15; medicines, 161;
migration, 88, 90; myths about, 204; popular
culture, 215; remoras on, 77–78, 175; seeing
in captivity, 169; seeing in the wild, 166; size,
16, 130; soup, 161; species, 11; swimming,
13, 45–46; teeth, 112; tracking movements,
225
Marine Aquarium Council, 159
marine habitats, 5, 12–13, 20
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 182
mating behavior, 112–15, 125, 129
maturity, age and size at, 129–31
medicines made from sharks, 21, 107, 160–63,
181, 188, 193, 198
Megamouth Shark (Megachasma pelagios), 4, 11 ,
105, 224; discovery, 11, 98; feeding, 28–29,
89, 138, 148–49, 150; as prey, 27, 60–61,
103, 147; vertical movements, 89; white oral
band, 61
Megatooth Shark (Carcharocles megalodon),
18– 19 , 208 , 212, 220
melanin pigment, 61, 62, 63
melanophores, 62, 66
Melville, Herman, 219
mercury levels, 182, 193, 196
“mermaid’s purses,” 2, 8, 117, 118
metabolism, 23, 191
migration, 84–90; for egg laying or birth,
120–21; navigation, 90–91; vertical, 45,
88–90; winter survival, 99–100
Milkfish (Chanos chanos), 156
Milk Shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus), 64
Monterey Bay Aquarium, 119, 168–69, 200
Motoro Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro), 81, 159
Motta, Phil, 147
Mottled Skate (Raja pulchra), 117, 123
mouth location, 5, 6
movies, 209–12
music, 214
Mycobacterium avium infection, 181
Myliobatiformes, 4, 5, 10, 228
myths and legends, 202–5
naming, 5, 7, 11–12
Narrownose Chimaera (Harriotta raleighana), 97
Narrownose Smooth-hound Shark (Mustelus
schmitti), 61
Narrowsnout Sawfish (Pristis zijsron), 16
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 194
navigation, 90–91
Nelson, Joseph, 3
New England Aquarium, 159
New Zealand Carpet Shark (Cephaloscyllium
isabellum), 102
Night Shark (Carcharhinus signatus), 94
Northern River Shark (Glyphis garricki), 91, 98
nostrils, 5, 6, 33, 50
numbfish, 40. See also torpedo rays
Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), 12, 185,
223; activity, 68; attacks, 174, 175 ; avoiding
predators, 105, 174; barbels, 34; coloration,
61, 65–66; feeding, 12, 137, 147–48, 151,
152, 154 , 155; geographic diversity, 96;
groups, 68; hides, 198; home range, 77;
identifying individuals, 71; intelligence, 52,
80; liver oil, 183; mating/reproduction, 112,
113 , 113–14, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125;
pests, 170; pets, 157, 158; resting on the bot-
tom, 41, 43, 69; seeing in captivity, 167; size,
maturity, and longevity, 130; teeth, 27, 30,
152, 154, 174
nurse sharks, 4, 10, 12
ocean depth, 12–13, 94–95
Oceania Chondrichthyan Society, 195, 231
Oceanic Whitetip Shark (Carcharhinus longima-
nus), 10, 34, 56, 85, 128, 156, 183, 188, 194
Ocellate River Stingray, 159
Oelrichs, Hermann, 171
Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 169
olfaction, 33–35; to find food, 140, 141, 154;
hammerheads, 49–50
olfactory bulbs, 33, 51, 108, 140
optic lobe, 36, 51, 140
Orange Spotted Catshark, 58http://www.ebook3000.com