Index 245
Orectolobiformes, 4, 8, 10, 227
organizations, 221–22, 230–31
Ornate Sleeper Ray (Electrolux addisoni), 59, 98,
99, 105, 148
Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, 169
Otorongo Ray, 81
overfishing, 21, 22, 93, 97, 118, 186, 190, 218;
food chain, 111; migration, 84, 90; quotas,
128; recovery, 119, 186
oxygen, 23
Pacific Angelshark (Squatina californica), 106,
119, 124, 130, 133, 186
Pacific Electric Ray (Torpedo californica), 130,
133, 176, 177
Pacific Sleeper Shark (Somniosus pacificus), 15,
103, 121, 122
Pacific Spookfish (Rhinochimaera pacifica), 7 , 97
pain sensitivity, 163–64
Pajama Catshark (Poroderma africanum), 58, 106
Pallid Skate (Bathyraja pallida), 94
PangeaSeed, 217, 218
parasites, 108–10
parthenogenesis, 127–28
paternity analysis, sibling, 125
pectoral fins, 5; angel sharks, 8; chimaeras, 46;
guitarfishes, 10; manta rays, 46; Oceanic
Whitetip Shark, 56; sharks vs. batoids, 7;
swimming, 46, 47; torpedo rays, 40, 45; wob-
begongs, 8
pest species, 170
pet sharks, 157–60
Pew Environmental Initiatives, Global Shark
Conservation Campaign, 201, 231
pheromones, 34
photophores, 57, 63, 147
Pita Skate (Okamejei pita), 98
placoid scales, 2, 6, 41–42, 176. See also denticles
plankton feeders, 11, 13, 24, 29, 45, 61, 68, 87,
89–90, 99, 138, 148–49, 150, 161, 186, 200
play behavior, 82
Pliny the Elder, 206
poetry, 219
Pointy-nosed Blue Chimaera (Hydrolagus trolli),
38, 60, 215
Polar Ocean World, 169
pollutants in shark meat, 182–84, 192, 193
Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus hemiodon), 98
Porbeagle Shark (Lamna nasus), 223; age
determination, 134; body temperature, 24;
coloration, 56, 64, 67; declining numbers,
188; eyes, 64; feeding, 24, 142; fishing, 185,
186, 188, 194; groups, 71; parasites, 109;
play, 82; swimming, 43
Port Jackson Shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni),
68, 69, 72, 150, 152, 157, 158, 168
Portuguese Dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepsis),
13, 17, 56, 57 , 57, 94, 186
Prickly Shark (Echinorhinus cookei), 94
Pristiformes, 4, 8, 228
Pristiophoriformes, 4, 8, 10, 228
Puffadder Shyshark (Haploblepharus), 66, 102, 106
“punting,” 46
pupping times and places, 101, 121, 129
Purple Chimaera (Hydrolagus purpurescens), 60
Pygmy Ribbontail Catshark (Eridacnis radcliffei),
16
Rabbit Fish (Chimaera monstrosa), 17, 129, 130
rabbitfishes, 2, 6, 37, 120. See also chimaeras
Ragged Tooth shark, 12, 25, 168. See also Gray
Nurse Shark; Sand Tiger Shark
Rajiformes, 2, 4, 8, 10, 228
ram ventilation, 43
rare species, 97–99, 223–24
ratfishes, 2, 4, 6, 29, 46, 97, 102, 106, 218 , 221
rays, 1–2, 223; abundance, 97, 171; activity,
99; art and literature, 216–17; attacks, 172,
175, 176; avoiding predators, 104, 105; bites,
153; boat injuries, 200; body temperature,
24; brain, 52, 80; breathing, 43; classifica-
tion, 3–4, 227–28; coloration, 53, 59, 60,
63, 64, 105, 146; differentiation from sharks
and skates, 7–8; drought, 100; ecosystem
engineers, 111; electric field detection, 38,
40, 141; electricity generation, 40–41, 102,
105, 146, 160, 176 (see also torpedo rays);
endangered, 185, 188; enemies, 101–2;
evolution, 11, 13, 42, 45, 81, 164; feeding,
81, 99, 137, 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152,
154; fighting, 74–75; finning, 196; fishing,
188, 192, 193, 195–96; geographic diversity,
96; gill slits, 5; groups, 68, 70, 71; growth
rate, 133; habitats, 5, 12, 13, 91, 96; hearing,
35; historical descriptions, 206; home range,
77; identifying individuals, 71, 72; jumping
out of water, 78, 175; maturity and longevity,
130, 131; media depictions, 204; medicine,
160, 161; migration, 99–100; mobuline, 52;
mythology, 205; navigation, 90; organiza-
tions for study of, 230–31; parasites, 108,
109; pets, 158, 159; popular culture, 215;
rare / poorly known, 97, 98–99, 224; remoras
on, 77–78; reproduction, 8, 112, 113, 115,
116, 119, 121, 124, 125, 127, 128; research,
221; scales, 42; seeing in captivity, 128, 167,
169; seeing in the wild, 74–75, 164, 166, 200;
shape, 8; size, 16, 91, 130; social behavior,
78; species, 10, 11; swimming, 6, 45–46; tails,
8; teeth, 27–28, 30, 32, 152; tool use, 81;
tracking movements, 225, 226; vision, 36, 37,
38, 59, 140
Redspotted Catshark, 58
Reef Manta Ray (Manta alfredi), 11, 68, 72, 130,- See also manta rays
reef sharks, 1, 10, 35, 36, 103, 117, 165, 167, 191
Reef Whitetip Shark, 150. See also Whitetip
Reef Shark