246 Index
religion, 205–6
remoras, 77–78
reproduction, 5, 8, 112–28; asexual, 127–28;
birth habitats, 120–21; care for young,
125–26; egg laying and hatching time, 115,
119–20; fixed times and places, 121; gestation
period, 118–19; hybrid, 128; interbirth inter-
val and frequency, 124; internal fertilization,
2, 5, 13, 114; litter size, 121–24; live-bearers,
5, 50–51, 114, 115–18, 122, 123–24; mating
behavior, 112–15, 125, 129; paternity, 125;
pheromones, 34; sex determination, 126;
terms for babies, 125
requiem sharks, 4, 52, 80, 96, 116
Reticulate Whipray (Himantura uarnak), 70, 104
Ribbontail Catshark (Eridacnis radcliffei), 16
Round Stingray (Urolophus halleri), 40, 80,
115, 223
Saddled Swellshark (Cephaloscyllium variega-
tum), 67
safety issues: attacks by sharks, 171–80, 184;
eating shark meat, 182–84, 194; shark repel-
lants, 179–81
Salmon Shark (Lamna ditropis), 24, 43, 130,
131, 133 , 142, 143 , 226
Sandbar Shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), 223;
albino, 61; attacks on, 103; behavior, 73;
diseases, 180; feeding, 151; fighting, 73;
migration, 84; repelling, 180; reproduction,
124, 125; seeing in captivity, 167; seeing in
the wild, 166; teeth, 25
Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus), 4, 12;
albino, 61; brain, 52, 80; buoyancy, 44; eyes,
64; feeding, 142, 155; fishing, 194; growth
rate, 133; intrauterine cannibalism, 31–32,
116, 122; reproduction, 116, 121–22; schools,
71; seeing in captivity, 167, 168 ; sex segrega-
tion, 128; size, maturity, and longevity, 130;
tail whipping, 76, 155–56; teeth, 12, 25, 30,
31–32, 168
sawfishes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 93 ; avoiding predators,
104, 143–44; breathing, 43; and cockfighting,
199–200; coins, 203, 203 ; commercial trade,
198; declining numbers, 97–98, 189–90, 224;
differentiation from saw sharks, 8, 9; evolu-
tion, 50; eyes, 64; feeding, 28, 143–44, 152;
fighting, 73–74; fishing, 93, 97, 186, 189–90,
194; freshwater, 93; growth rate, 133; habi-
tats, 8, 12, 91, 93, 96, 97, 202; historical de-
scriptions, 207, 207 ; litter affecting, 192; ma-
turity and longevity, 130; medicines, 160–61,
198; in myth and religion, 202–3, 206; parts
used by humans, 198–200; reproduction, 116,
122, 124; saw as tool, 73, 81, 143–44; seeing
in captivity, 167, 190; size, 8, 16, 130, 190,
202; species, 10; teeth, 20, 28, 152
saw sharks, 2, 8, 9, 10, 203; barbels, 34; classifi-
cation, 4, 228; differentiation from sawfishes,
8, 9; reproduction, 122; size, 8; teeth, 8,
28, 152
scales, 41–42, 132. See also denticles
Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna lewini),
84 , 123 , 223; activity, 150; binocular vision,
49; “corkscrewing,” 76; feeding, 70, 150;
fishing, 188; groups, 75–76; growth rate, 133;
mating/reproduction, 112, 120, 122, 123,
124; migration, 84–85; schools, 70; sex seg-
regation, 128; size, maturity, and longevity,
129, 130; territoriality, 75–76
scavenging, 21, 90, 111, 135–36, 153–54, 192,
219
schooling, 70–71
School Shark. See Tope
Seafood Watch, 200
Seattle Aquarium, 103, 166
seeing sharks: in captivity, 167–69; in the wild,
164–67
selachians, 1, 2; classification, 4, 227–28; differ-
entiation from skates and rays, 7–8; growth
rate, 133; habitats, 12, 13; shape, 7; size,
maturity, and longevity, 129–31; species, 10;
swimming speed, 17; tails, 8; teeth, 7, 25–32.
See also specific sharks
sensory functions, 32–40; color vision, 36,
37–38, 60, 140; electric field detection, 36,
38–40, 90, 115, 140–41, 180; to find food,
38–39, 139–42; hammerheads, 49–50; hear-
ing, 35–36; smell, 33–35; taste, 34; vision,
36–37
sevengill sharks, 5; enemies, 101; feeding, 102,
135, 136, 137, 142, 154–55; reproduction,
120, 121, 122, 124; size, 95
sex determination, 126
sex segregation, 68, 128–29
“shagreen,” 198
Shark Chaser, 179
Shark Conservation Act, 197
shark fin soup, 196
Shark Fin Trade Merchants Association, 197
Shark Fishery Management Plan (FMP), 194
sharklike fishes, 1–2, 4–5, 11–12
shark liver oil, 162, 183, 193, 199
shark meat, 193; cost, 196; finning, 196–97,
198, 200; refusing to eat, 200; safety, 182–84
“sharkrays,” 8. See also guitarfishes
shark repellants, 179–81
sharks, 1–2; abundance, 97, 170–71; classifica-
tion, 3–10, 227–28; differentiation from
skates and rays, 7–8; geographic diversity,
95–96; habitats, 12; naming, 5, 7, 11–12;
ocean depth, 94–95; organizations, 221–22,
230–31; shape, 7; swimming, 6; tails, 8. See
also selachians; specific species
shark skin: artificial, 160; dermal denticles,
6; dried, 198; leather goods, 197–98, 199;
parasites, 108
sharksuckers, 77–78http://www.ebook3000.com