Previous studies of CSG trichome density did not include Afghani plants (Small
et al. 1976 ; Turner et al. 1977 ).
Hillig and Mahlberg measured cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol-
monomethylether (CBGM), and cannabichromene (CBC), with no statistical dif-
ferences between NLD and WLD biotypes. NLD biotypes produced more
tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabidivarin (CBDV) than WLD biotypes.
THCV and CBDV are the short-tailed C 19 analogs of THC and CBD, respectively.
This trend can be seen in data reported by Turner et al. ( 1973 ). Some researchers
include C 19 analogs in the calculation of cannabinoid profiles, as THC
+THCV/CBD+CBDV (Turner et al.1979a; Onofri et al. 2015 ; Welling et al. 2016 ).
Prior to Hillig and Mahlberg, few CGEs studied Afghani landraces. Holley et al.
( 1975 ) analyzed a worldwide collection of females, males, mixtures of females and
males, immature plants, and cross-pollinated hybrids. Here are some of their results,
in nonhybridized females, as THC%, CBD%, and the quotient of THC/CBD:
Afghanistan: 0.59/1.26 = 0.47, India A: 1.78/0.03 = 59.3, India E:
3.31/0.02 = 165.5, Nepal: 2.75/0.02 = 137.5, Pakistan: 1.32/0.01 = 132, South
Africa D: 1.84/0.01 = 184, South Africa E: 0.62/0.06 = 10.3, South Africa F:
0.33/0.01 = 33, and Brazil: 2.16/0.01 = 216. In summary, the results by Holley and
colleagues are similar to those of Hillig and Mahlberg: the THC/CBD ratio in
Afghani landraces was much lower than that of NDL landraces.
Meijer et al. ( 1992 ) analyzed 97 accessions, many of uncertain provenance (e.g.,
“Nederwiet”), or hybridized material, such as“Skunk #1.”They included three
accessions from Afghanistan: “Rjaf 1”: 1.15/1.60 = 0.720; “Afghanistan”:
1.69/0.25 = 6.76; and“Afgaan”: 2.00/1.18 = 1.69. No samples from India were
included in the study. Two early CGEs that lacked Afghani plants were never-
theless instructive, because they analyzed plants of Indian heritage prior to the era
of widespread hybridization. Fetterman et al. ( 1971 ) measured cannabinoid ratio,
including cannabinol (CBN), as THC+CBN/CBD, in samples from Mexico’68: 1.0
+0.55/0.075 = 20.5, Mexico’69: 1.4+0.073/0.12 = 12.3, Thailand A:
2.2 + trace/0.16 = 13.8, Thailand B: 1.3 + trace/0.11 = 11.8.
Small and Beckstead ( 1973 ) analyzed 350 accessions from around the world.
Many accessions came from botanical gardens, of questionable provenance (e.g.,
threeindicaaccessions with no measurable THC). Here are some of their results—
accessions of Indian heritage with solid passport data, presented as THC%, CBD%,
and THC/CBD. India: 1.58/0.15 = 10.5, Malawi A: 1.44/0.5 = 28.8, Malawi B:
1.92/0.11 = 17.45, Malawi C: 0.90/0.07 = 12.86, South Africa: 1.34/0.09 = 14.89,
Rhodesia: 0.73/0.06 = 12.17, Cambodia: 1.03/0.12 = 8.5, Uganda: 2.56/0.34 =
7.53, Mauritius: 1.90/0.26 = 7.31, Mexico: 1.52/0.23 = 6.61, Jamaica: 1.19/0.3 =
3.97. No Afghani landraces were included in the study.
Comparisons of police-confiscated samples lack the accuracy of CGEs.
However, some studies are instructive because they predate the era of widespread
hybridization. Marshman et al. ( 1976 ) tested 36 samples from Jamaica, with a mean
of 3.03/0.10 = 29.5 (two samples reached 99.0 and 104.4). Jenkins and Patterson
( 1973 ) measured THC, CBN, and CBD in herb and hashīsh seizures. Means were
calculated from their raw data: Afghanistan (n = 4): 52.0 + 12.0/36.1 = 1.77,
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