Subject Index 331participial free adjunct, 193
performative verb, 116 , 155 , 169 – 70
politeness, 7 , 21 , 28 , 52 , 104 , 130 , 134 – 35 ,
152 , 165 , 173 , 194 , 220 , 221 , 231 , 234 ,
235 , 239 , 250 , 288 , 296
pragmatic marker
characteristics of, 3 – 9
functions of, 11
interpersonal, 7 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 24 , 35 n.40,
51 n.11, 285
textual, 7 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 24 , 35 n.40,
44 , 285
grammaticalization of, 27 – 30 , 34 – 36 ,
see also epistemic parenthetical,
grammaticalization of,
hwæt, grammaticalization of,
only, grammaticalization of, and
whilom, grammaticalization of
lexicalization of, 30 – 31 , 33 – 34
pragmaticalization of, 31 – 33 , 34 – 36
problems for the diachronic study
of, 12 – 13
semantic development of, 24 – 26
sources of
adverb, 13 – 16 , 285 – 87
adverb clause, 21 – 22 , 289 – 92
main clause, 16 – 19 , 287 – 89
nominal relative clause, 23 , 292
non- finite clause, 293
terms for, 2
pragmatic parenthetical, 8 – 10 , see also
comment clause
characteristics of, 8 – 10
pragmaticalization, 31 – 33 , 34 – 36 , 34 n.38, 119
procedural meaning, 3 , 5 , 5 n.10, 6 , 24 , 28 , 90 ,
90 n.19, 187 , 204
pseudo- cleft sentence, 213 n.22, 222 , 223 ,
254 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 261 , 266 , 292
all- cleft, 207 , 221 – 22 , 224 , 225 , 293
reversed, 224
wh- cleft, 207 , 212 – 13 , 222 , 225 , 226 , 293
reversed, 225
relative clause, 23 , 255 , 267
nominal, 10 , 23 , 216 , 251 , 254 , 256 , 267
sentential, 255 , 263 , 292
relevance condition, 235
slifting, 17 , 176
so, 5 , 14 , 103 , 114 , 285
comparison with OE hwæt þa, 60 – 62
so what, 62 n.26
subjectification, 24 , 25 – 26 , 28 , 32 , 71 , 76 ,
163 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 178 , 179 , 187 , 188 ,
204 , 239 , 249 , 267 , 294 , 297
subjectivity, 25 , 63 , 70 , 131 – 32 , 135 , 147 ,
152 , 165 , 176 , 185 , 187 , 191 , 220 , 221 ,
226 , 234 , 288 , 296
that deletion, history of, 20 , 159
that is (to say), 23
that said, 293 – 94
criticism of, 193 – 94
frequency of, 195 – 97 , 205f. 7.3
function of, 194 – 95
history of, 197 – 202
presence of with, 202
semantic development of, 204
that vs. this, 203
truth- conditionality, 5 n.10, 32
what (ME, EModE), 64 – 68 , 286
what, development of, 69 – 72
what, general extender, 274 , 276
what I’m saying (is), 208 , 212 – 13
history of, 222 , 223 , 223
source of, 225 , 226
what's more, 252 , 292 – 93
development of, 266 – 68
frequency of, 252 – 53
function of, 254 – 55
history of, 256 – 59
synchronic parallels, 255
what was more, 260 – 61
what's more Adj, 254 , 255 , 260 – 61
which is more (Adj), 255 , 261 – 62 , 264 – 65
which was more, 264
whatever, general extender, 268 , 269 , 273 – 74
history of, 274 , 275 – 76 , 277 – 78
whatever, pragmatic marker, 293
frequency of, 269
function of, 271 , 277
history of, 272 – 73 , 276 – 77
prosody of, 270
sources of, 281 – 82
whatever you please/ say, 279 – 81
while, development of, 24 , 76 , 286
whilom, 286
adjectival use, 85 – 87 , 286
frequency of, 78 – 79
grammaticalization of, 83 – 85
history of, 79 – 81
pragmatic marker, 82 – 83
why, 13 – 14 , 41 , 44 , 66 , 69
you know, 1 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 19 n.21, 26 ,
27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 50 n.8, 52 , 53 , 70 ,
156 , 285
comparison with OE hwæt, 49 – 51
you know what?, 65