Part II: Species Accounts200
et al. 2005), for instance in the defensive behaviour of repro-
ductive females.
Main predators include the leopard, the dholes, and formerly
the Javan tiger (prior to its extinction in the 1970s) (Blouch
1988). Bawean warty pigs do not have natural predators.Parasites and Diseases
Limited data from seven Javan warty pigs (captive-born second
and third generation) at Surabaya Zoo showed an infection of
endoparasites eggs of Oesophagostomum sp. and Ascaris sp., cysts
of Eimiria sp., and Balantidium coli with prevalence of 28.57 per
cent, 14.28 per cent, 57.14 per cent and 85.71 per cent, respec-
tively (Dewi & Nugraha 2007). None of the individuals examined
showed clinical signs of the parasite infections. Porcine endog-
enous retroviruses (PERVs) have been reported in almost all taxa
of the Suidae family (Nascimento et al. 2007), and due to the close
phylogenetic relation to European wild pig (Frantz et al. 2013),
there is a high probability that the species carry similar parasites
or diseases as has been reported for European wild pigs.Status in the Wild
The Javan warty pig has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN
Red List since 1996. As the IUCN Red List still considers the
Bawean warty pig as a subspecies of the Javan warty pig. The
intra-specific taxa assessment lists the Bawean warty pig as
Endangered based on small population size (Rademaker 2016).
Warty pigs are not listed on CITES and are not protected by
Indonesian law.
Records of the species are rare, and most direct observations
and specimens of Javan warty pigs date from the later years of
the colonial administration period at around 1850–1940. At the
present time the exact geographical distribution and population
numbers are not confirmed. A comprehensive ethno-zoological
survey based on interview data was conducted in 2003–2004
(Semiadi & Meijaard 2006). The study revealed that the dis-
tribution of Javan wild pigs had declined by more than 50 per
cent compared to the distribution reported during an island-
wide interview survey in the 1980s (Blouch 1988). A recent pig-
focussed camera trap survey confirmed that some populations
still exist in West Java and at the border between Central and
East Java; however, another 50% decrease in number of popula-
tions as compared to the survey of Semiadi and Meijaard (2006)
is likely (Rode-Margono, unpublished). Hunters from Banjar
and Banjarsari, West Java, report low hunting success as a result
of a decrease in warty pigs (S. Bulk, personal observation).
Remaining populations are likely fragmented and under severe
hunting pressure. In contrast, the population of Bawean warty
pigs on Bawean Island seems to be stable with around 170–380
individuals (Rademaker et al. 2016). They are present in three of
the five protected areas (46.6 km^2 ) on the island which all com-
prise its natural habitat. Due to low habitat availability and high
human population density, human–wildlife conflict on Bawean
Island is high (Rode-Margono et al. in press).
For both species, hunting pressure for Javan warty pigs, poi-
soning, as well as loss of habitat, pose serious population threats(Semiadi et al. 2008). Especially on Bawean Island, but also on
Java, small-scale illegal logging and burning is common and
unregulated due to a lack of law enforcement and poor demar-
cation of protected areas (Nijman 2006). An additional hypoth-
esized but still unquantified threat to the Javan warty pig might
be competition and hybridization with European wild pigs.
In contrast, no European wild boar occur on Bawean Island
(Rademaker et al. 2016).
There are no official conservation plans for the species. An
IUCN Conservation Action Plan for pigs, peccaries and hippos
(Oliver 1993) assumed that Javan warty pigs would not be at an
immediate risk of extinction; this view is outdated. Proposed
actions were to create new and connect existing protected areas
that are suitable for the species, increase law enforcement and
conduct education, among others. While these actions have not
yet been implemented, they are still valid. A further recommen-
dation to start a conservation breeding programme has been fol-
lowed by CCBC. A workshop was conducted by the IUCN WPSG
in 2012, stressing the need for behaviour research on the ex-situ
population (see Rademaker et al. 2015), considering a new com-
prehensive distribution survey including a survey to Banjar and
a potential habitat analysis (Meijaard et al. 2014). A suggested
survey and ecological research on Bawean warty pigs has been
implemented (Rademaker et al. 2016; Rode-Margono et al. 2016,
in press; unpublished data). Based on the present situation, fur-
ther conservation actions urgently require comprehensive sur-
veys throughout Java in the search for remaining populations
and continuing the efforts to create a stable ex-situ population in
case the surveys fail to find any viable populations.Status in Captivity
The captive breeding programme for Javan warty pigs at
CCBC started in 2009. The goal is to produce a genetically
pure ex-situ safety population for potential reintroduction and
studies (Semiadi & Sözer 2007). The programme started with
a founder population of wild origin (Banjar and Banjarsari in
West Java province); however, as hybrids between warty pigs
and European wild boar seem to exist in the wild, the purity of
animals still needs to be confirmed. The first good breeding suc-
cess was reached in 2012. End of 2015, 42 live animals were reg-
istered under the care of CCBC on ZIMS. Exact numbers of pure
specimens at Surabaya Zoo are unknown. In order to spread the
CCBC animals over multiple locations and ensure the safety of
the captive population, two pairs were transferred from CCBC
to Taman Safari Park in Bogor, West Java, in 2015. Further meta-
populations are planned in the future.
Finding potential release sites on Java may prove difficult due
to the lack of suitable habitat with a low pressure of hunting and
poisoning as well as a minimal presence of European wild pig.
In order to comply with the IUCN Reintroduction Guidelines
(IUCN/SSC 2013), the cause of the original population decline
must be known and removed or kept under control. The current
focus is to ensure a genetically and demographically healthy and
safe founder population that can be the basis for future reintro-
ductions, and to conduct research to improve husbandry and
breeding success (see Rademaker et al. 2015)..02212:41:37