Chapter 30: Feral pigs in Australia and New Zealand335
Managers and researchers in other countries can learn
from the Australian approach to feral pig management. Three
of the greatest strengths of feral pig management in contem-
porary Australia are the consistent approach to management
across all jurisdictions, the willingness of land and natural
resource management agencies to facilitate large-scale control
programmes, and the relatively wide range of tools that are
available to control pig populations. The greatest advances in
future management are likely to be achieved by harnessing
these advantages with better integration of ecological, eco-
nomic, and social research objectives into existing and future
management programmes.References
Alexiou, P. N. (1983). Effects of feral pigs
(Sus scrofa) on subalpine vegetation
at Smokers Gap, ACT. Proceedings of
the Ecological Society of Australia 12:
135–142.
Anonymous (2010). Feral pigs – invasive
animals in Australia. Available at: www
.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/
invasive-species/feral-animals-australia/
feral-pigs. Accessed 10 February 2014.
Apollonio, M., Andersen, R. & Putman, R.
(2010). European ungulates and their
management in the 21st century.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baber, M., Moulton, H., Smuts-Kennedy, C.,
Gemmel, N. & Crossland, M. (2006).
Discovery and spatial assessment of a
Hochstetter’s frog (Leiopelma hochstet-
teri) population found in Maungatautiri
Scenic Reserve, New Zealand. New
Zealand Journal of Ecology 33: 147–156.
Baldwin, J. A. (1983). Pre-Cookian pigs in
Australia? Journal of Cultural Geography
4: 17–27.
Ballari, S. A., Cuevas, M. F., Cirignoli, S.
& Valenzuela, A. E. J. (2015). Invasive
wild boar in Argentina: using protected
areas as a research platform to determine
distribution, impacts and management.
Biological Invasions 17: 1595–1602.
Bassett, I. E., Horner, I. J., Hough, E. G., et al.
(2017). Ingestion of infected roots by feral
pigs provides a minor vector pathway for
kauri dieback disease Phytophthora agath-
idicida. Forestry.
Bengsen, A. J. & Cox, T. E. (2014). The role
of rabbit and other invasive herbivore
control in reducing Australia’s greenhouse
gas emissions. Canberra: PestSmart
Toolkit publication, Invasive Animals
Cooperative Research Centre.
Bengsen, A. J. & Sparkes, J. (2016) Can
recreational hunting contribute to pest
mammal control on public land in
Australia? Mammal Review 46: 297–310.
Bengsen, A. J., Leung, L. K.-P., Lapidge, S. J.
& Gordon, I. J. (2011a). Using a general
index approach to analyze camera-trap
abundance indices. Journal of Wildlife
Management 75(5): 1222–1227.
(2011b). Testing target-specific feral pig
baiting in a tropical rainforest. Ecological
Management & Restoration 12(3):
226–229.
Bengsen, A., Gentle, M. N., Mitchell, J. L.,
Pearson, H. E. & Saunders, G. (2014a).
Feral pig management in Australia:
current trends and future directions.
In Timm, R. M. & O’Brien, J. M. (eds.),
Proceedings of the 26th Vertebrate
Pest Conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii,
USA. Davis, CA: The Vertebrate Pest
Council, University of California Davis,
pp. 281–286.
Bengsen, A. J., Gentle, M. N., Mitchell, J. L.,
Pearson, H. E. & Saunders, G. R. (2014b).
Impacts and management of wild pigs in
Australia. Mammal Review 44: 135–147.
Bieber, C. & Ruf, T. (2005). Population
dynamics of wild boar Sus scrofa: ecology,
elasticity of growth rate and implications
for the management of pulsed resource
consumers. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:
1203–1213.
Biodiversity Data Inventory. (2008)
Distribution of Feral Pig in New Zealand
(2007). Department of Conservation
Te Papa Atawhai. Available at: http://
geoportal.doc.govt.nz/ArcGIS/rest/
services/GeoportalServices/DOC_
BDIPEST_FeralPFe_2007/MapServer.
Accessed 25 February 2016.
Bomford, M. & Hart, Q. (2002).
Non-indigenous vertebrates in Australia.
In Pimentel, D. (ed.), Biological invasions:
economic and environmental costs of
alien plant, animal, and microbe species.
London: CRC Press, pp. 25–44.
Braysher, M. (1993). Managing vertebrate
pests: principles and strategies. Canberra:
Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian
Government Publishing Service.
Braysher, M., Buckmaster, A. J., Saunders, G.
& Krebs, C. J. (2012). Principles
underpinning best practice management
of the damage due to pests in Australia.
In Timm, R. M. (ed.), Proceedings of the
25th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Davis,
CA: University of California Davis,
pp. 300–307.
Caley, P. (1993). The ecology and
management of feral pigs in the ‘wet-dry’
tropics of the Northern Territory. MSc
thesis. Canberra: University of Canberra.
Caley, P. & Ottley, B. (1995). The effectiveness
of hunting dogs for removing feral
pigs (Sus scrofa). Wildlife Research
22: 147–154.Centner, T. J. & Shuman, R. M. (2015).
Governmental provisions to manage
and eradicate feral swine in areas of the
United States. AMBIO 44: 121–130.
Challies, C. N. (1975). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa)
on Auckland Island: status, and effects
on vegetation and nesting seabirds. New
Zealand Journal of Zoology 2: 479–490.
Choquenot, D. & Hone, J. (2002). Using
bioeconomic models to maximize
benefits from vertebrate pest control:
lamb predation by feral pigs. In Clark,
L. (ed.), Human conflicts with wildlife:
economic considerations, Proceedings of
the Third NWRC Special Symposium. Fort
Collins, CO: NWRC, pp. 65–79.
Choquenot, D., McIlroy, J. & Korn, T. (1996).
Managing vertebrate pests: feral pigs.
Canberra: Bureau of Resource Sciences,
Australian Government Publishing
Service.
Choquenot, D., Lukins, B. & Curran, G.
(1997). Assessing lamb predation by feral
pigs in Australia’s semi-arid rangelands.
The Journal of Applied Ecology 34(6):
1445–1454.
Choquenot, D., Hone, J. & Saunders, G.
(1999) Using aspects of predator–prey
theory to evaluate helicopter shooting for
feral pig control. Wildlife Research 26(3):
251–261.
Clarke, C. M. H. & Dzieciolowski, R. (1991).
Feral pigs in the northern South Island,
New Zealand: I. Origin, distribution, and
density. Journal of the Royal Society of
New Zealand 21: 237–247.
Coleman, M. C., Parkes, J. P. & Walker, K. J.
(2001). Impact of feral pigs and other
predators on macro- invertebrates,
D’Urville Island. Conservation Advisory
Science Notes 345. Wellington: Department
of Conservation.
Cowled, B. D., Gifford, E., Smith, M.,
Staples, L. & Lapidge, S. J. (2006a).
Efficacy of manufactured PIGOUT®
baits for localised control of feral pigs in
the semi-arid Queensland rangelands.
Wildlife Research 33: 427–437.
Cowled, B. D., Lapidge, S. J., Smith, M. &
Staples, L. (2006b). Attractiveness of a
novel omnivore bait, PIGOUT®, to feral
pigs (Sus scrofa) and assessment of risks
of bait uptake by non-target species.
Wildlife Research 33: 651–660..03212:55:46