Part III: Conservation and Management350
campaigns experimented in some small fenced areas (hunting
parks) showed some success for decreasing prevalence, but effi-
cacy of such methods widely vary according to the pathogens
and the original density level (Boadella et al. 2012). Additionally,
increasing hunting/killing pressure has never been efficient for
controlling diseases in the long term and over large areas (EFSA
2014). The main reasons for this low efficacy are that: (i) thresh-
olds for disease eradication in wildlife are mostly unknown,
(ii) there is no reliable tool for monitoring wild boar abundance,
(iii) hunting has a limited effect on wild boar dynamics (Keuling
et al. 2013), and (iv) increasing hunting may increase population
turnover and animal movements and favour disease dynam-
ics (EFSA 2014). Mass destruction of (non-native) wild pigs
organized in Australia or USA using helicopter shooting or bait
poisoning were considered unacceptable in European (native)
wild boar (EFSA 2014). Fencing has also shown limitations in
practice. It is possible to reinforce existing barriers for limitingdisease spread, but building new fences over large distances for
limiting the spread of disease is difficult. This option recently
failed to prevent African swine fever (ASF) spread in the EU.
The main problems with fences are: (i) they are costly, (ii) our
knowledge about the exact position of wildlife disease is seldom
accurate, and (iii) wild boar may damage fences that must be
regularly checked and fixed, which is seldom achieved.Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Jane Feehan, the staff of the
Consorci del Parc Natural de la Serra de Collserola, especially
Francesc Llimona, Lluís Cabañeros and Francesc Calomardo,
Ferran Navas and Marina Torrellas (Minuartia consultancy)
and the Department of Territory and Sustainability (Catalan
Government) for their contribution. Special thanks for the sup-
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