pampas: 261
Panama: 18, 34, 36, 62, 78, 99, 104, 138, 140, 236; bird species
richness in, 138; land bridge or Isthmus, 131, 140, 308. See
also Barro Colorado Island
Pantanal: 184, 205, 215, 217, 250, 257–60, 282, 292, 296, 303–4,
313, 334, 338, 341–4
Papaya (Carica papaya): 102, 191
Pará, Brazil: 378, 384
Paraguay: 18, 55, 250
parakeet: 221, 282–3; Dusky-headed (Aratinga weddellii), 283;
White-eyed (Psittacara [Aratinga] leucophthalma), 282;
Yellow-chevroned (Brotogeris chiriri), 282. See also parrot
páramo: 19, 124, 235–6, 241, 243, 246–8, 298, 335,
parasite / parasitism: 52–4, 84, 90, 112, 116, 155, 164, 178–9,
189, 199, 202–3, 229, 242, 306–7, 328, 374; brood, 306;
territory, 172
parasite: 90, 116, 155, 164, 178–9, 189, 203, 229, 374; brood,
306; territory, 172
Parker, T. A. III: 145
parrot: 23, 48–9, 60, 90–1, 102, 144, 156, 158–9, 221, 260, 262,
282–5, 312; Blue-headed (Pionus menstruus), 60, 283; Red-
fan (Deroptyus accipitrinus), 282. See also amazon; macaw;
parakeet; parrotlet
parrotlet (Forpus spp.), 283. See also parrot
passionflower (Passiflora spp.): 46, 191, 196–8, 203, 360;
Passiflora adenopoda, 198; Passiflora mixta, 277
pasture: 75, 94–5, 102–3, 110, 253, 255, 378, 380, 382, 385–6
Patagonia: 256, 261, 298
peanut: 369
peccary: 60–1, 123, 132, 150, 156, 159–60, 330, 332–3, 335,
382; Collared (Tayassu tajacu), 36, 151, 332–3; White-lipped
(Tayassu pecari), 160, 242, 332–3
penduliflory: 174
pepper: 107, 111, 210; chile, 102, 369–70. See also piper
Periwinkle, Mangrove (Littorina angulifera): xxx
Permian period: 15
Peru: 18, 20, 25, 37, 91, 115, 207, 236, 243–5, 373, 375; bird
species richness in, 136. See also Iquitos
Petén, Guatemala: 102, 366
peyote: 375
phenolics / phenols: 88–9, 90, 188–9, 192
Phillips, O.: 78
philodendron (e.g. Monstera spp.): 39, 52–3
phorusrhacoid (terror bird): 131–3, 256
phosphorus: 28, 53, 73–4, 82–5, 87, 89, 93, 206, 252
photosynthesis: 28, 34, 55, 73–4, 78, 81–2, 99, 101, 155
Pianka, E.: 141
Pickett, S. T. A.: 99
Pico Bonito, Honduras: 25
piculet: 292–3; Grayish (Picumnus granadensis), 292; Spotted
(Picumnus pygmaeus), 292; See also woodpecker
pigeon (Columbiformes): 48, 156, 162, 267–8, 275; Picazuro
(Patagioenas [Columba] picazuro), 268; Scaled (Patagioenas
speciosa), 268. See also dove
piha: 285; Screaming (Lipaugus vociferans), 286–7pine: 32, 35, 39, 171, 176, 237, 251, 253–4, 316, 385; Bristlecone
(Pinus longaeva), 42, 104; Caribbean (Pinus caribaea), 251,
253; Jack, 318; Norfolk Island (Araucaria heterophylla), 46
Pineapple (Ananas comosus): 53, 55, 370, See also bromeliad
piper (Piperaceae) (Piper spp.): 57, 107–8, 140; Piper nigrum, 107
piranha: 170, 228, 259; Red (Pygocentrus nattereri), 170, 228
pitcher plant: 206
pitviper. See snake
Planalto: 86
plant chemical defense: 187–4
plate tectonics: 15, 115, 229
platyrrhines: 320, 322. See also monkey
Pleistocene: 119, 130–1, 133, 139–41, 208, 253, 315, 332, 345
Pliocene: 139, 219
Plotkin, M.: 373, 375
plover: 210. See also lapwing
Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador: 385
Podocarpus: 245
point bar: 211–2. See also river island; sandbar
pollen profile: 131, 141
pollination: 35, 40, 45–7, 55–6, 107–8, 110, 149, 155, 157,
170–4, 192, 316, 382
Polylepis: 245, 247
polyphenols: 188, 192
porcupine: 37, 117, 131, 330–1; Brazilian Porcupine (Coendou
prehensilis), 331; dwarf (Erethizontidae), 331; Mexican
Hairy Dwarf (Sphiggurus [Coendou] mexicanus), 331; New
World, 331; North American (Erethizon dorsatum), 330. See
also rodent
potassium: 53, 73–4, 82–4, 93, 252, 366
potato: 369; sweet, 87, 111, 370. See also manioc
potoo: 184, 296; Common (Nyctibius griseus), 184, 295; Great
(Nyctibius grandis), 59, 295
Poui, Pink (Tabebuia pentaphylla): 46
Prance, G.: 130, 135, 174
precipitation (rainfall): 20, 27, 29–33, 35–6, 40, 76–9, 82–3,
88–9, 90, 98, 113, 138, 192, 209, 235–7, 244, 251–2, 256–7,
370, 378, 383–4
predation hypothesis: 149–50
predation: 116, 141, 149–50, 152, 155, 158, 165, 181, 199, 202,
289, 304, 370; hypothesis, 149–50; nest, 152, 165, 30
predator-prey dynamics: 181
prickletail: 298
primary productivity: 73; gross (GPP), 73–4, 76; net (NPP):
72–6, 78–9, 81, 89, 99, 140
productivity-resources hypothesis: 142–6
Prosopis caldenia: 261. See also legume
protectionist hypothesis: 193
Prum, R. O.: 168–9
prussic acid: 190
pseudoscorpion: 359
Psychotria (Rubiaceae): 57, 140
Puerto Rico: 46, 90, 100, 150, 235
puffbird: 289–91; Collared (Bucco capensis), 290; Semi-collared
(Malacoptila semicincta), 290; Spotted (Bucco tamatia), 290;index index 427