Figure 8.1 Cladogram with branch lengths representing one of the more than 8000 most
parsimonious trees from the analyses by Soltis et al. (1999). Branch lengths are calculated using
parsimony with ACCTRAN optimization. Putative positions of fossil taxa (1–4) constituting the
orderly sequence of Crane et al. (1995) are indicated: (1) Valanginian-Heuterivian (132–141 Ma)
pollen generally accepted as the first angiosperm fossil record; (2) Barremian (125 Ma) record of
tricolpate pollen; (3) Albian (97–112 Ma) records of ‘lower Hamamelididae’; and (4) Cenomanian
(90–97 Ma) records of early ‘rosids’. In addition, the putative position of more recently
documented fossil taxa (5–8) are indicated: (5) Turonian (88–90 Ma) Clusiaceae documented by
Crepet and Nixon (1998); (6) Cenomanian (94–97 Ma) Rhamnaceae/Rosaceae documented by
Basinger and Dilcher (1984); (7) Santonian (83–87 Ma) Araliaceae/Apiaceae documented by
Herendeen et al. (1999); and (8) Santonian (83–87 Ma) Actinidiaceae documented by Herendeen et
al. (1999).
ANGIOSPERM DIVERGENCE 149