ANGIOSPERM DIVERGENCE 153
Th
e f
os
sil
- b
as
ed
es
tim
ates
a
re
, c
ont
ra
ry
to t
hei
r us
e,
a
ss
um
ed to p
rov
id
e a
m
ini
m
um
a
ge
fo
r^
th
e s
pli
t b
etw
ee
n th
e t
axo
n i
n q
ue
st
ion a
nd i
ts s
ist
er g
rou
p.
Co
lum
n^1
li
sts
t
he ta
xa
a
cc
ordi
ng
t
o th
eir u
sa
ge
, a
nd c
olum
ns
2–
5 li
st our a
ge
es
tim
ates
(
no
de nu
m
bers
c
orres
pon
d to t
ho
se
on t
he
c
hro
nog
ra
m
s,
Fig
ures
8.3
-^8
.6)
. T
he
a
ge s
pa
n g
iv
en
in
c
ol
um
n 2 r
es
ults
fr
om
th
e th
ree
c
ons
ec
uti
ve
an
aly
se
s u
sin
g A
CC
TR
A
N
an
d D
EL
TR
AN
opt
im
iza
tio
n a
nd m
axi
m
um
lik
eli
ho
od f
or
ca
lc
ul
ati
ng
b
ra
nc
h^
le
ng
th
s.^
Th
e^
sp
ec
ifi
c a
ges
, r
es
ulti
ng
fr
om
e
ac
h a
na
ly
sis
a
re
re
port
ed i
n c
olum
ns
3–
- C
ol
um
n^
6 i
ndi
ca
tes
t
he
b
oots
tra
p
es
tim
at
es
of
sta
nd
ard
error
, a
nd c
ol
um
ns
7–
8 li
st
fo
ss
il-
ba
se
d es
tim
ates
ext
ra
ct
ed f
rom
M
ag
all
ón
et^
al
. (
1 999)
an
d M
ag
allón
an
d S
ande
rs
on (
2001
).
Th
e s
pec
ifi
c
fo
ssi
l-
ba
se
d a
ge
(c
ol
um
n 7)
c
orre
sp
onds
to th
at g
ive
n b
y M
ag
alló
n
et^
al.
(^1999
) a
nd M
ag
alló
n a
nd
S
ander
son
(^2
0 01)
a
nd
a
lso
in
di
ca
te
s on w
ha
t ta
xon t
he
ag
e
es
tim
at
e w
as
b
as
ed.
C
ol
um
n^8
lis
ts i
ns
ta
nc
es
w
hen
th
e t
opol
og
y i
m
pl
ie
s th
at s
om
e^
oth
er
fo
ss
il p
rov
id
es
a b
et
ter
m
ini
m
um
ag
e es
tim
ate f
or
a^ nod
e. I
n a
ddi
tio
n,
fu
rt
he
r
co
m
pa
ris
on
s^
ar
e m
ade w
he
nev
er
th
e f
os
sil
- b
as
ed
es
tim
at
e w
as
b
as
ed on
a
le
ss
in
clus
iv
e ta
xon.
T
he
ag
e
fo
r th
e
Ar
istolo
ch
iace
ae
- L
act
or
id
ace
ae
cl
ad
e,
fo
r exa
m
pl
e,
w
as
b
as
ed o
n L
ac
tori
da
ce
ae
pol
len
(
Za
va
da
1987
).
W
e h
av
e^
th
ere
fo
re
in
clud
ed
co
m
pa
ri
so
ns
w
ith
b
oth
t
he A
ri
sto
loc
hi
ac
eae
-L
ac
to
rid
ac
eae
a
nd
La
ct
or
id
ac
ea
e cl
ad
es
.
a T
he f
os
sil
- b
as
ed a
ge
co
nc
erns
th
e s
tem
- g
rou
p a
nd not
th
e c
row
n-
gr
oup a
s f
or
rem
aini
ng
ta
xa
(M
ag
all
ón a
nd S
an
ders
on 2
001)
.
b W
e^
ar
e u
na
bl
e^
to
c
om
pa
re
th
e f
os
sil
- b
as
ed
e
sti
m
ate
fo
r^ th
e l
es
s i
nc
lu
siv
e
ta
xo
n^
w
ith
a
m
ol
ec
ul
ar
es
tim
ate
si
nc
e
th
e t
axo
n w
as
not
in
cl
ude
d i
n th
e m
ole
cu
la
r
da
ta
se
t.
c M
ag
al
lón
et^
al.
(
199
9)
ind
ica
te
d a
n
Ap
tia
n (
124
.5–
11
2 M
a)
oc
curr
enc
e^
for
Po
pu
lu
s p
oto
ma
ce
ns
is,
b
ut
th
e or
ig
in
al^
doc
um
enta
tio
n of
th
is ta
xon
in
di
ca
te
d
th
e
Al
bi
an
(^1
12
- 97 M
a; D
oy
le
an
d H
ic
key
1976
).