Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

dissorophoid (Tungussogyrinus) from the Permian-Triassic boundary in Siberia. However,
the affinities of this fossil are uncertain.

Crown-amniote origin

The earliest known, undisputed crown-amniotes date back to the mid-Pennsylvanian
(Carroll 1988, 1991; Benton 1991, 1993, 2001; Carroll and Currie 1991; Hopson 1991).

Figure 11.9 Stratigraphical plot of strict consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees at 1303 steps
(CI=0.2357; RI=0.6744; RC=0.1641) derived from analysis of cranial and postcranial characters
and resolved down to species level (Ruta et al. 2003).

250 BONES, MOLECULES, AND CROWN-TETRAPOD ORIGINS

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