Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

Index

acanthodians 103
Acanthostega 228
accelerated transformations (ACCTRAN) 145,
146, 147–9, 150
Aceraceae 157
acraniates 206–7
Actinidiaceae 160
actinopterygians 103, 191, 203–4, 209
adaptive radiation 31, 68
agnathans 103
albedo effect 33
Albian, angiosperm divergence 143, 155
alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) 7–21
algae
algal scum 123
Doushantuo Formation 168
see also green algae
allogromiids 114
alpha-methyl-dopa (Amd) 7
Amaranthaceae 151
Ambulacraria 206
amino acid substitution models 55
ammonoids 101
amniotes 224–6, 228, 231, 235–9, 245–7, 249
amphibians 103
amphineura 100
Anabarites 178
Anatalavis oxfordi 270–1
angiosperms
divergence times 142–65
oldest fossils 73
Annelida 101, 180
Anseriformes 267, 270–1, 273
anthracosauroids 234, 235, 237
Antiquacupula 146, 157, 159
Apiaceae 160

Apodiformes 69–70

Apsaravis 265

Araliaceae 157, 159, 160

archaeocyathdis 99, 100

Aristolochiaceae 155

Arkarua 192–3, 206

aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (Ddc) 7–

21

arthropods

Cambrian explosion 46–7

divergence 207

Nemakit-Daldynian 175

Asterales 155

asterids 143

Atdabanian

chordate origins 205

trilobites 175

atpb, angiosperms 145

autapomorphies 45, 120, 122

average-distance approach 135

baphetids 236, 237

Baragwanathia 43

Barremian-Aptian boundary, angiosperms 143,

152, 155

batrachomorphs 226, 234

Bayesian inference 57, 170

bias-simulation model 78

Bilateria, origin dating 166–89

biodiversity 75–6, 174

biological properties hypothesis 6, 7

biological triggers, Snowball Earth events 27–

40

birds

calibration points 68

289