Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

fossil record completeness 69–71
congruence metrics 80–2
conodonts 99, 103, 201, 203, 204, 208
constant-rates model 68
convergence 172
Cooksonia pertoni 129
corals, mineralization 168
Craniata 191, 193, 206–7, 211
Crassigyrinus 235, 236
Cretaceous
angiosperm divergence 142, 152
Neornithes radiations 264–5, 270, 271, 273
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary 273
extinction event 76, 77, 264
radiation 43
crown-groups
amniotes 245–7, 249
angiosperms 150–1, 152, 155, 157
Bilateria 168, 172, 174, 178–81
chordate origins 192, 193, 210, 211
concept 2
gnathostomes 207, 208–9, 211
lissamphibians 245, 248
Neornithes radiations 266
tetrapods 224–62
crustacea 47, 101
cryptospores 126, 127, 128–31, 132
Curcurbitales 146
cuticle, phytodebris 131–2
cyanobacteria 35
cyclostome monophyly 195, 207, 210
cyclostome paraphyly 195
Cyperaceae 157, 159

Daldynian
arthropods 175
Bilateria origins 181
Dayhoff model 55
delayed transformations (DELTRAN) 145, 146,
147–9, 150
Deuterostomia 191
Devonian
mass extinction 76
plant fossils 128
spore fossils 129
tetrapods 226, 228, 229, 231, 234, 247–8
vertebrates 42

diadectomorphs 228, 235, 236, 237

diapsids 246

Dinorthidae 270

Diptera 8–22

acceleration-deceleration 115

28S rRNA 53

substitution rates 109

distance correction methods 54

diversity 182

bias 78–9

fossilization rate 171

species abundance 171–2

diversity-dependent models 171

Doushantuo Formation 168

Drosophila 8, 10, 11–20

Ecdysozoa 47

echinoderms 180, 191, 192–3, 206, 211

crown-groups 179

ghost ranges 102

echinoids 109

ecological release 42

ecological theory, adaptive radiation 173

Ediacaran fossils 32, 167–8, 173, 178, 181

edrioasteroids 193

embryophytes, origin 120–36

enteropneusts 193

Eocene, Neornithes radiations 268, 269, 270,

272, 273

episodic clock 182

episodic evolution 107–18

Euarthropoda 180

Eucritta 236, 237, 250

eudicots

angiosperm divergence 157

Barremian-Aptian boundary 143

origins 152, 155

Eukaryotes 111–12, 114

eurypterids 213

Fagales 146, 157

fish-tetrapod transition 228

flowering plants see angiosperms

Foraminifera 99, 100, 107–18

fossil record 49–50

abiotic signal 74–5, 76, 77

angiosperm divergence 142–65

INDEX 291