Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

see also maximum likelihood
likelihood ratio testing (LRT) 55–6, 60
Limenavis 265
Limulus 45
linearized trees 54
lissamphibians 224, 225–8, 231, 238–9, 245,
247, 248
Lithornis 268, 269
Lithornithidae 268
Llandovery, land plants origin 125–6, 127,
129, 132
Llanvirn, land plants origin 127, 129, 131, 132,
133, 136
LogDet transformation 55
logistic models, lag intervals 176
long branch attraction (LBA) 47
lysorophids 226, 238

Maastrichtian, angiosperm divergence 151
macroevolutionary lag 42
magnolids 143, 155
Malpighiales 160
mammals
bird divergence 50, 66
group sampling 72–3
oldest fossils 74
phylogenetic fuse 43
placentals split 74
Manhattan stratigraphic measure (MSM) 82,
200
Marinoan glaciation 32–3
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods
57–8
mass extinctions 75, 76, 174, 176
maximum likelihood (ML) 48–9, 50, 55–6, 60,
68
angiosperm divergence 145, 146, 147–9,
150
gamma values 56
non-independence 53
stratigraphic data 91
maximum parsimony (MP) 53
Mesozoic
diversification 76
mass extinctions 75–6
Neornithes radiations 264, 265–6, 268,
273, 274

metazoans 31–2, 175, 178

divergence analysis 50, 52

divergence example 58–9

diversification 43–6

individual protein approach 48

molecular data 66

niche occupancy 174

oldest fossils 73

phylogeny 51

substitution variance 53

microsaurs 235, 237, 238

Microsporidia 115

miliolids 109, 111

minimum implied gap (MIG) 81, 82

molecular clocks 5–26

age doubling 85

angiosperm divergence 142–65

Bilateria origins 166, 172, 176, 181, 182

birds 69, 71

Cambrian explosion 48–60

chordate origins 190–223

Foraminifera 107–18

land plants origin 134–6

metazoans 66

Neornithes radiations 263–78

Snowball Earth events 27–40

stochasticity 52–3

tetrapods 224–62

molecular phylogeny reconstruction 80

Mollusca 47, 101, 179, 180

monograptid, radiation 176

monoplacophora 100

Moraceae 157

multigene approch 135

multiplicity, molecular clocks 6

multiprotein studies, bias 30–1

mutation rate 5–6

Myllokunmigia 207

myriapods 47, 102

N2 model 55

Namacalathus 178

Namapoikia 178

nautiloids 99, 100

Nemakit

arthropods 175

Bilateria origins 181

INDEX 293