Bilateria origins 173–5, 182
Cambrian evolutionary ‘explosions’ 41–65
monograptid 176
Neornithes 263–78
species abundance 171
rank-order approaches 80
rate heterogeneity 56
rate variation 53–4
angiosperm divergence 159
Foraminifera 111–14
land plants origin 135–6
ratites 212, 268, 269
rbcL 6, 145
relative completeness index (RCI) 81–2, 83–4,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 210
relative rate test 53–4, 113
replication factor C (RFC) 58–9
reptiles, ghost ranges 103
reptiliomorphs 226, 234, 235, 247
Reticulomyxa filosa 114
Rhabdinopora 171
Rhamnaceae 160
RHINO 58
Rhynckonkos 225
rhyniophytoid plants 125, 129
18S ribosomal DNA, angiosperms 145
ribosomal RNA
18S 182
28S 53
small subunit gene 107–18
RNA, secondary structure 57
Rosaceae 160
rosids 143, 152
rotaliids 109, 110
Rutaceae 157, 159
salamanders 225
Salicaceae 157
sampling methods 69–73
Santonian, angiosperm divergence 146, 151,
157, 160
sarcopterygians 103, 191, 209
saturation, of sequences 54
sauropsids 246
Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis 8
sea level changes 76, 77
secondary structure models 57
sedimentary rocks, distribution 75
sequence divergence estimates, angiosperm
divergence times 142–65
sequence substitution models 54–6
seymouriamorphs 235, 237
silicate weathering, land plants origin 134
Silurian
chordate origins 199, 203
land plants 124–5, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131
monograptid radiation 176
slightly deleterious mutation hypothesis 6, 7
Snowball Earth events 54
Cambrian explosion 27–40
Spearman rank correlation (SRC) 80, 82, 200
species abundance 171–2, 182
sponges 99, 100
spores 132, 136
evolution 124
fossil records 125–31
wall ultrastructure 129–30
sporopollenin 123, 124, 125, 127–8, 133
standard error of the mean 52
standard range length (SRL) 81
stem-groups 2
angiosperm divergence 150–1, 157
Bilateria origins 168, 172, 173, 174, 178–
81
chordates 192, 211
echinoderms 193
episodic evolution 107–18
gnathostomes 208
Neornithes radiations 266
tetrapods 225, 226, 228, 231, 234, 237–8,
239–45
Stirling Range 169–70
stochasticity, molecular clock 52–3
stomata 129
stratigraphic consistency index (SCI) 81, 83,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210
stratigraphy
chordate origins 196–205, 210
ghost ranges 91–104
land plants origin 134
phylogeny 176–8
tetrapods 229
Strigiformes 69–70
stromatoporoids 99, 100
strontium isotopes 134INDEX 295