ixThis book has benefi ted immensely from the generous advice of Thomas H.
Broman, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Joan Cadden, University of
California, Davis; Thomas Gieryn, Indiana University; Bernard Goldstein,
University of Pittsburgh; Frederick Gregory, University of Florida; Florence
Hsia, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Stuart W. Leslie, Johns Hopkins
University; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, University of Cambridge; Lynn K. Ny-
hart, University of Wisconsin–Madison; John V. Pickstone, University of
Manchester; Jamil Ragep, McGill University; Lisbet Rausing, Imperial Col-
lege, London; A. I. Sabra, Harvard University; Eric Schatzberg, University
of Wisconsin–Madison; Rennie B. Schoepfl in, California State University,
Los Angeles; and Robert S. Westman, University of California, San Diego.
James Lancaster assisted with the preparation of the manuscript for publi-
cation, for which we are grateful. We would like to thank Karen Merikan-
gas Darling at the University of Chicago Press for her encouragement and
enthusiasm for this project.
We would also like to express our gratitude to the following institu-
tions for their fi nancial support: At the University of Wisconsin–Madison
we received generous support from the Institute for Research in the Hu-
manities through the Burdick- Vary Fund, the Anonymous Fund, the De-
partment of the History of Medicine, and the Department of the History
of Science. We also received assistance from the Evjue Foundation and the
Brittingham Fund, Inc.
This book is dedicated to David C. Lindberg, who spent much of his
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS