Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 107cine,” in Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on
Pre- Modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma, ed. F. Jamil Ragep, Sally Ragep, and
Steven Livesey (Leiden: Brill, 1996), 369–418.
- For astronomy, see Emmanuel Poulle, “Le vocabulaire de l’astronomie planétaire
du XIIe au XIVe siècle,” La diffusione delle scienze islamiche nel medio evo europeo (Rome:
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1987), 193–212, esp. 195. - Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 8, ch. preface, sec. 1.II, 132; bk. 8, ch. preface,
sec. 4.II, 136. He contrasts physici and philosophi in bk. 7, ch. preface, sec. 2. - Ilsetraut Hadot, Arts libéraux et philosophie dans la pensée antique (Paris: Études
Augustiniennes, 1984), 86–87, 122; Danuta R. Shanzer, “Augustine’s Disciplines: Silent
diutius Musae Varronis?” in Augustine and the Disciplines: From Cassiciacum to Confes-
sions, ed. Karla Pollmann and Mark Vessey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005),
69–112. - R. A. Markus, “Marius Victorinus and Augustine,” in The Cambridge History of
Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, ed. A. H. Armstrong (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970), 395. - David C. Lindberg, “Science and the Early Christian Church,” Isis 74 (1983):
509–30, esp. 526–27. - William H. Stahl and Richard Johnson, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal
Arts (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), esp. 21–25. - Stahl, Roman Science, 199; Wesley Stevens, “Marginalia in the Latin Euclid,” in
Scientia in margine: Études sur les marginalia dans les manuscrits scientifi ques du moyen âge
à la Renaissance, ed. Danielle Jacquart and Charles Burnett (Geneva: Droz, 2005), 117–
37; George Molland, “The Quadrivium in the Universities: Four Questions,” in Scientia
und ars im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter, ed. Ingrid Craemer- Ruegenberg and Andreas Speer
(Berlin: De Gruyter, 1994), 66–78, esp. 66; Stahl and Johnson, Martianus Capella, 92. - Boëthius, De trinitate, bk. 2, Loeb 8–9, 88.
- Augustine, The City of God, trans. by David Wiesen (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1968), esp. bk. 8, ch. 1 (vol. 3, 3–7) defi nes theology as “a Greek word
by which we understand thought and speech about the divine” (translation emended).
In addition to “natural” theology, he discusses elsewhere (bk. 8, ch. 5 [vol. 3, 23]) such
pagan varieties as “mythical” (fabulosa) and “political” (civilis) theology. - Edward Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy from the Ancient World to the Nine-
teenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 42–43. - Philippe Delhaye, “La place des arts libéraux dans les programmes scolaires du
XIIIe siècle,” in Arts libéraux et philosophie au moyen- âge (Montreal / Paris, 1969), 172;
Ralph McInerny, “Beyond the Liberal Arts,” in The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages,
ed. David Wagner (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 250. - Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy, 105.
- Stephen McCluskey, “Gregory and Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early
Christian Attitudes to Astronomy,” Isis 81 (1990): 8–22; Stephen C. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1998). - Bruce Eastwood, “The Astronomy of Pliny, Martianus Capella and Isidore of
Seville,” in Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in Carolingian Times, ed. Paul
Butzer and Dietrich Lohrmann (Basel: Birkhäuser, 1993), 161–80, esp. 177; Bruce East-