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esca Italiana, 2nd ed. (Florence: Società Dantesca Italiana 1960), 185–89, esp. 186; also
Tiziana Suarez- Nani, “Dante Alighieri ou la convergence des arts et des sciences,” in
Craemer- Ruegenberg and Speer, Scientia und ars, 126–42, esp. 132–33.- Jacques Verger, Men of Learning in Europe at the End of the Middle Ages, trans. by
L. Neal and S. Rendall (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000), 50–51. - Paul O. Kristeller, “Philosophy and Medicine in Medieval and Renaissance
Italy,” Organism, Medicine, and Metaphysics: Essays in Honor of Hans Jonas, ed. Stuart F.
Spicker (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1978), 29–40, esp. 33. - Paul Czartoryski, “La notion d’université et l’idée de science à l’université de
Cracovie dans la première moitié du XVe siècle,” Mediaevalia philosophica polonorum 14
(1970): 25–27. - Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 2001), 215; Alain de Libera, “Faculté des arts ou faculté de philosophie?
Sur l’idée de philosophie et l’idéal philosophique au XIIIe siècle,” in L’enseignement des
disciplines à la Faculté des arts (Paris et Oxford, XIIIe- XVe siècles), ed. Olga Weijers and
Louis Holtz (Turnhourt: Brepols, 1997), 429–44, esp. 439. - Guy Beaujouan, “Le quadrivium et la faculté des arts,” in Weijers and Holtz,
L’enseignement des disciplines, 191–92; Danielle Jacquart, “Rapport de la Table ronde: Les
disciplines du quadrivium,” in Weijers and Holtz, L’enseignement des disciplines, 239–47,
esp. 242–43, 247. - Nancy Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowl-
edge and Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 86–97. - Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy, 236–38.
- John Marenbon, “Gilbert of Poitiers and the Porretans on Mathematics in the
Division of the Sciences,” in “Scientia” und “Disciplina”: Wissenstheorie und Wissen-
schaftspraxis im 12. Und 13. Jahrhundert, ed. Rainer Berndt, Matthias Lutz- Bachmann
and Ralf M. W. Stammberger (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2002), 37–69, esp. 56; Daniel
Callus, “The Function of the Philosopher in Thirteenth- Century Oxford,” in Beiträge
zum Berufsbewusstsein des mittelalterlichen Menschen, ed. Paul Wilpert (Berlin: De
Gruyter, 1964), 152–62, esp. 159. - Luca Bianchi, “Loquens ut naturalis,” in Le verità dissonanti: Aristotele a la fi ne
del medioevo, ed. Luca Bianchi and Eugenio Randi (Bari: Laterza, 1990), 33–56; Bert
Hansen, Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature: A Study of his De causis mirabilium with
Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Toronto: Pontifi cal Institute of Mediaeval
Studies, 1985), 136–37; Michael H. Shank, “Mechanical Thinking in European As-
tronomy (13th–15th Centuries),” in Mechanics and Cosmology in the Medieval and Early
Modern Period, ed. Massimo Bucciantini, Michele Camerota, and Sophie Roux (Florence:
Leo Olschki, 2007), 3–27, esp. 27; Bernard R. Goldstein, “Galileo’s Account of Astro-
nomical Miracles in the Bible: a Confusion of Sources,” Nuncius 5 (1990): 9. - David C. Lindberg, “Science as Handmaiden: Roger Bacon and the Patristic Tra-
dition,” Isis 78 (1987): 518–36, esp.527–30; Nicholas Steneck, “A Late Medieval Arbor
Scientiarum,” Speculum 50 (1975): 245–69, esp. 257–63. - Jacques Paquet and Jozef Ijsewijn, eds., The Universities in the Late Middle Ages
(Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1978), 13n20. - Lusignan, Parler vulgairement, 134–37.
- See the excellent overview by Steven J. Livesey, “Scientia,” in Medieval Science,