Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 113- Hendrik Lagerlund, “The Systematization of Modal Syllogistics,” in Modal
Syllogistics in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 30–160; Jack Zupko, John Buridan:
Portrait of a Fourteenth- Century Arts Master (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame
Press, 2003), 59–77. - Edward Grant, “Science and the Medieval University,” in Rebirth, Reform, and
Resilience: Universities in Transition, 1300–1700, ed. James Kittelson and Pamela Transue
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984), 68–102. - Maierù, University Training in Medieval Europe, 12–14; Grant, “Science and the
Medieval University,” 84–85. - Edith Sylla, “The Oxford Calculators,” in Kretzmann, Kenny, and Pinborg, The
Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, 542–48. - Serge Lusignan, “L’enseignement des arts dans les collèges parisiens au Moyen
Âge,” in Weijers and Holtz, L’enseignement des disciplines, 43–49, esp. 47; Olga Weijers,
“La ‘disputatio,’” in Weijers and Holtz, L’enseignement des disciplines, 393–404, esp. on
393–94, 401–2. - Michael Shank, “Unless You Believe, You Shall Not Understand,” Logic, University,
and Society in Late Medieval Vienna (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988),
151–52; Collette Sirat, “L’enseignement des disciplines dans le monde hébreu,” in
Weijers and Holtz, L’enseignement des disciplines, 495–509, esp. 504–8. - John E. Murdoch, Album of Science: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (New York:
Scribner’s Sons, 1984), 3. - William of Ockham, Expositio super VIII libros Physicorum, ed. V. Richter and
G. Leibold (St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute, 1986), paragraph 30. - Max Lejbowicz, “Les disciplines du quadrivium: l’astronomie,” in Weijers and
Holtz, L’enseignement des disciplines, 195–211, esp. 199–200. - John E. Murdoch, “Natural Philosophy without Nature,” in Roberts, Approaches
to Nature in the Middle Ages, 171–213. - Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy, 215–43; Nicole Oresme, Le Livre du ciel et
du monde, ed. Albert Menut and Alexander Denomy (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1968), 144–45, 520–39. - Kenneth F. Kitchell and Irven M. Resnick, “Hildegard as Medieval ‘Zoolo-
gist,’” in Hildegard of Bingen: A Book of Essays, ed. Maud Burnett McInerny (New York:
Garland, 1998), 25–52; Danielle Jacquart, “L’observation dans les sciences de la nature
au moyen âge: limites et possibilités,” Micrologus 4 (1996): 55–75; quotation about
Albertus Magnus from James Lennox, “The Disappearance of Aristotle’s Biology: A Hel-
lenistic Mystery,” Apeiron 27 (1994): 7–24, 23; R. James Long, “The Reception and In-
terpretation of the Pseudo- Aristotelian De Plantis at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century,”
in Työrinoja, Lehtinen, and Føllesdal, Knowledge and the Sciences in Medieval Philosophy,
3:111–23, esp. 121; Bernard Ribémont and Geneviève Sodigné- Costes, “Botanique
médiévale: tradition, observation, imaginaire. L’exemple de l’encyclopédisme,” in
Le moyen âge et la science: approches de quelques disciplines et personnalités scientifi ques
médiévales, ed. Bernard Ribémont (Paris: Klincksieck, 1991), 153–69. - Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy, 192–99.
- “Judah, son of Moses, son of Mosca, and Rabbi Isaac ibn Sid say: The science
of astrology is a subject that cannot be investigated without observations. Yet, the
observations made by the experts in this discipline cannot be completed by a single