172 Dear
l’expérience en France et en Angleterre, 1630–1820 (Paris: Éditions La Découverte, 1996),
esp. 169–74; also Jessica Riskin, “Poor Richard’s Leyden Jar: Electricity and Economy
in Franklinist France,” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 28 (1998):
301–36.- John Gascoigne, Cambridge in the Age of the Enlightenment: Science, Religion and
Politics from the Restoration to the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1989); Gascoigne, “Mathematics and Meritocracy: The Emergence of the
Cambridge Mathematical Tripos,” Social Studies of Science 14 (1984): 547–84; Harvey W.
Becher, “William Whewell and Cambridge Mathematics,” Historical Studies in the Physi-
cal Sciences 11 (1980): 1–48; Alex D. D. Craik, Mr. Hopkins’ Men: Cambridge Reform and
British Mathematics in the 19th Century (London: Springer, 2007); Andrew Warwick,
“The Reform Coach: Teaching Mixed Mathematics in Georgian and Victorian Cam-
bridge,” in Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2003), 49–113. - John L. Heilbron, “A Mathematicians’ Mutiny, with Morals,” in World Changes:
Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science, ed. Paul Horwich (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1993), 106–7. Cf. John V. Pickstone, “Working Knowledges before and after Circa 1800:
Practices and Disciplines in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine,” Isis 98
(2007): 489–516, esp. 508–9. - John L. Heilbron, “Fin- de- siècle Physics,” in Science, Technology, and Society in
the Time of Alfred Nobel, ed. Carl- Gustav Bernhard, Elizabeth Crawford, and Per Sèrböm
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982), 51–71; see also Theodore M. Porter, “Ether Squirts
and the Inaccessibility of Nature,” in Karl Pearson: The Scientifi c Life in a Statistical Age
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 178–214. - See “Natural Philosophy” by John Heilbron (in this volume, 173–199).
- There is too much literature to summarize here. See, for a light entrée, Peter
Dear, “How to Understand Nature? Einstein, Bohr, and the Quantum Universe,” in
The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 2006), 141–72, 203–4; Jan Faye, “The Bohr- Høffding Relationship
Reconsidered,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19 (1988): 321–46, discusses
an important Danish philosophical connection for Bohr. - See, e.g., Heilbron, “A Mathematicians’ Mutiny,” 101–2, on the early part of
the period; Iwan Rhys Morus, “A Revolutionary Science,” in When Physics Became King
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), ch. 2, 22–53, is a good overview. The
Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, known informally as “Crelle’s journal,”
was founded in 1826: Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, Intellectual Mastery
of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1986), 1:37. Cf. H. M. Mulder, “Pure, Mixed and Applied Mathematics: The Chang-
ing Perception of Mathematics through History,” Nieuw archief voor wiskunde 8 (1990):
27–41. - Consult Jungnickel and McCormmach, Intellectual Mastery of Nature, esp. vol. 2.
- See, e.g., Warwick, Masters of Theory, 220–21, on the mathematics coach
Edward Routh; also William Thomson and Peter Guthrie Tait, Treatise on Natural Phi-
losophy, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1867).